Humberto Torres Guevara Arch.
The formation of urban sub-system in northern Veracruz from so-called enclave extractive economic model.
The population growth and urbanization are phenomena permanent development of Mexico and Veracruz, from the second half of the twentieth century. This phenomenon has become visible divergent directions from the change of economic model seen in the 1990's, which is necessary to locate and analyze.
Population and urbanization are intrinsically related phenomena as population dynamics will manifest obligations on the territory, affecting the social, economic, political and cultural.
country's industrialization began at the end of World War II generated an unprecedented urban concentration encouraged by the offer of employment in urban centers, same brought a change in economic activities, directing them towards secondary and tertiary sectors of the productive sector.
the phenomenon is similar in Mexico and Latin America, but there are some anomalous cases due to the very specific characteristics of the regions and the activities that drive the economy. The Mexican case is deeply marked by the oil industry and its political and social.
Since the nineteenth century began extracting and refining oil in the Gulf of Mexico coast, particularly in the so-called Huasteca region, which includes significant areas of the states San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Tamaulipas and Hidalgo.
The site called "Faja de Oro" generated the establishment of extractive enclaves in south-central state of San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz, where the federal agency that provided the largest territory and therefore where were generated or were impacted the most human settlements that eventually shape the urban sub-notes now.
In Mexico, the oil expropriation was conceived largely based on the social demands of the inhabitants of these villages, who were the primordial inspiration to support a political action such magnitude. It is undeniable that the timing of many of these settlements was determined by the richness of the site and that is why many oil fields failed to establish itself as cities as well as with the mining towns of the interior.
Much of the population centers of northern Veracruz state emerged or were impacted by oil and more precisely by the model of development called "enclave", this model is the product of liberal economic theories of the nineteenth century.
Deepening the analysis of exogenous regional development patterns manifested in the 1950's with theoretical contributions of Boudeville who introduces the geographic variable to the pole theory of Perroux development, this contribution is an expanded view of the theory of cumulative causation. Berry, who defines the growth media channels while Friedmann defines and characterizes the stages of generation and geographical spread of economic dynamics.
In sum, in the initial concept of the evolving industrial enclave to an interpretation focused on spatial agglomeration, as for oil interests and respond to national and transnational strategies which manifests itself in a contempt for the regions which are located . In this model of settlement industrial territory, the company develops the necessary infrastructure for production and facilities, roads and networks.
regard to human settlement, the enclave, the housing area built for its executives, technicians and skilled workers and urban facilities to serve this population. However, in the case of oil exploration, this activity requires large amounts of unskilled labor during the construction phase.
Al enclave mass flows coming from different places, which are not assigned its geographical location at which they are located on the periphery of it, or in areas unfit for human settlements which lack services. This dynamic is triggered when this population, floating in principle, he manages to use some services on an irregular basis created for the industry such as: access roads, water and electricity.
The above situation is exacerbated if the site is successful, which makes the enclave last long. That being the case, a high percentage of people who initially came to the construction of infrastructure or to provide services, a permanent resident to be a problem for the municipal authority as this population demanding services far exceeds the capacity of City Council to satisfy generating large slum areas with a high degree of marginalization.
This phenomenon is manifested in two ways: When the industrial enclave creates a population center that gradually becomes a city and the other case when the enclave is post-settlement and reaches impacting urban reality of it. The first aspect of the phenomenon is observed on the southeastern cities of San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz: in these areas were established many villages that survived the location (site) that are generated or small rural population centers as they are, Nunez tar, fig, Furbero, Palma Alone and Potrero del Llano, all in the state of Veracruz. Also
some camps became in small towns where extractive activity still exists and are sized cities such as El Ebano SLP, Ver Temapache Alamo, Amatlán View, and Cerro Azul Ver Finally, in this category are observed camps for the richness of the site became even medium-sized cities and metropolitan areas is generated for Poza Rica de Hidalgo
View
In the second case includes the settlements that were hit to some extent with the advent of urban enclave extraction and are locations that come from the colonial era. The most studied are located in southern Veracruz and in the states of Tabasco, Chiapas and Campeche. In this area, the phenomenon is more recent oil shock, so is the case of Coatzacoalcos Veracruz, Minatitlan Veracruz, Ver Cosoleacaque, Las Choapas View in neighboring states and similar examples in which further highlights the impact urban severe impacts on social and environment aggravated by the settlement of downstream activities of oil exploration in hydrocarbon processing stage by refining and petrochemicals.
To address the analysis of a subsystem marked influence urban enclave known model and establish a methodology for this purpose, it is important from the knowledge structuring aspects of territorial, historical, partly explaining the current state of human settlements in the region.
Regarding this point, you can highlight several obvious conditions, including:
• There is a rapid deterioration of the environment in areas of intensive use of land, urban areas, coasts, valleys and watersheds.
• In the context of polarized development, highlights the widespread idea that the land is a commodity and therefore is subject to speculation, setting conditions of segregation social / economic / spatial and environmental.
• In the case of northern Veracruz state, there are strong imbalances between Veracruzana identified in the Regional Development Programme and Urban
• In areas of northern Veracruz (Huasteca high, low and Totonaca Huasteca) which a majority of the rural communities that bring together 99.13% of total locations (7.891 loc.). In contrast urban localities only come to 0.87% of total lasentamientos.
• Human settlements are ranked in medium size cities (3), intermediate cities (6), core cities (8) and service centers (46)
• Distribution population of northern Veracruz, is characterized by high concentration urban and rural dispersion hinders regional coverage in the areas of infrastructure and equipment
• This demographic reality is directly related to geomorphological conditions of the territory on which sits the population and the historical reality that caused the backwardness and isolation of regions rich in natural resources.
• This obviously creates a number of environmental, characteristic of intense human activity on a large area with significant differences observed (from sea level to 2,500 meters) and few roads. In addition, highlights the situation in urban areas of medium to accumulate 70% of the population of the three regions.
In sum, all of medium, 90% of intermediate cities and 70% of the core cities of northern Veracruz state have their origins in the oil industry or were hit in its urban structure because this activity. This determines the methodological particularities to identify the system attributes that must be analyzed to offer new fields of research.
