The time is ripe for expressing wishes and best intentions.
that this cycle is time to initiate harmony and happiness!
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
What's Bonjour On My Toshiba
decembrinas. Welcome
The time is ripe for expressing wishes and best intentions.
that this cycle is time to initiate harmony and happiness!
The time is ripe for expressing wishes and best intentions.
that this cycle is time to initiate harmony and happiness!
Saturday, December 4, 2010
Jib Jab Free Creative
2011 Origins of Modern Town Planning. Leonardo Benevolo
Notes and comments on the book:
Origins of Modern Urban
OF LEONARDO Benevolo
by N. FERNANDO WINFIELD REYES.
To Benevolo, modern urbanism is not born at the same time the first cities industrial but arises as a delayed reaction to attempt to correct the imbalances caused by the profound changes of the period of industrialization. Notes that even at the present time, urban knowledge applied with a delay in relation to the phenomena that seeks to control. In this regard, considers it important to review the early historical urban experience which applied to the problems of the industrial city.
Benevolo says that those experiences undertaken by the first industrial city reformers were inspired from two points of view, both technical and moralistic, seeking to correct imbalances produced social and economic in the first period of the industrial city, which places it between 1815 and 1848, despite acknowledging that the process of industrialization and transformation of the city long before it occurs from mid-eighteenth century, however, the first attempts to order the city of that period were located between the dates mentioned above.
For the various attempts to correct the problems of the industrial city can be two categories: that of the Utopians, who sought to regenerate the industrial city starting from the beginning from the creation of urban ways of living dictated by the theory but lacks a link between such attitudes with their environment and without an overall view of urban problems and on the other hand, specialists and technicians that give rise to planning legislation since the implementation of sanitary regulations, mainly due to the constant outbreaks and the unhealthiness of the working class neighborhoods.
Benevolo says that the vast majority of these initiatives coincide with a backdrop ideological approach that would find great matches with the principles of modern socialism, and later the year 1848 can be understood as a break date, since Since then loses the connection between politics and planning discipline that had characterized earlier periods of the industrial city in the West. Since then, urban take a look at the power technique constituted within the scope of a new conservative ideology. Since this is the central thesis of the book, Benevolo proposed for the present time the need for urban culture to resume contact with " political forces that tend to a similar overall transformation of society " (9). It is interesting
the definition of urban provided by volunteers from the conviction of the necessary link between urban planning and policy stating:
urbanism is a part of the policy, necessary to realize all the operational programs [...] To improve the distribution of human activity in the territory is necessary to improve economic and social relations of which depends on the activity, otherwise not sufficient to improve the economic and social relations that space are automatically corrected, but the change of spatial relationships is one way, inseparable from each other, to achieve overall balance that is the end of political action 10).
In the formation of the industrial city from the second half of the eighteenth century, population growth is the first decisive transformation as a result of the changes created by the production in the organization of work and innovative techniques. While increases, the population changes its distribution throughout the country as a result of economic changes. The changes in production generated the development of a new economic system based on the concentration of capital in the cities, first in England and later in other countries.
One of the first changes is introduced by the application of steam to the production of yarn and fabric from 1769, the old factories dispersed organization has been concentrating then in large factories in the course of the rivers and later near coal mines, by using these resources as a driving force. Technical advances make it in less than thirty years to generate a significant increase in industrial production. Benevolo says that in England
the development of industries and their concentration in large workshops attracted many families from the southern agricultural districts of the miners in the north and center, and moved from the isolated vi-housing in the countryside , the compact neighborhoods built near the factories, as well born, suddenly, new towns, and many of the old rose excessive manner (19-20).
industrial cities offered to employers of labor have always in stock and replaced, while workers will nevertheless be exploited in long hours working in the cities found a wider variety of choices and the ability to integrate according to common interests. Moreover, the requirements of the business of producing and trading forced the renovation and expansion of communication networks and new and more efficient means of transport. According to transmission and expanding commercial movement, cities were becoming more important to focus centers Decision of the economy. Together these changes altered not only the territorial distribution of the population, but also their lifestyles, land use and landscape picture.
liberal thought the time had an enormous influence on politics and government, founding a school of thought that contributed to the weakening of authoritarian initiative of the city, to abolish the old urban legal restrictions, discrediting and weakening the methods urban control of preceding eras. To this end:
The baroque urban systematization, and especially some courtly compositions the first half of the seventeenth century, sometimes anticipated, so suggestive, the spatial dimension of the modern city but remain [...] totally unrelated to the temporal dimension thereafter as determined conditions in a new environment Urban (26-7).
The contrast with the ancient city is evident. While the former remained almost unchanged in extended periods of time, which can receive a defined architectural form that would provide for future growth potential, which characterizes the emerging industrial city is the increasing speed of their transformations. Therefore and from the mid eighteenth century, no longer a paradox that:
while the architecture of your account reaches the maximum projection subtle mo-monumentality environments and its harmonization with the natural or urban landscape decreases Executive consistency and the ability to form lasting impact, with the same resources in fabric of the city (34).
The growing migration to the cities has to multiply the possibilities of accommodation in the available space of the old quarters, but when these are insufficient, creating vast slum on the outskirts of the city. The accommodation in both cases slightly varied within very narrow limits and a common trait were overcrowded and unsanitary conditions prevailing. The image of the city's first industrial period can be characterized by the following description of the city of Manchester provided by Frederick Engels in The situation of the working class (65-68):
... colossal buildings of six to seven floors, with its tall, narrow chimneys dominate the low cot-tages workers.
Parallel to these transformations of material, technological, economic and social, there is a growing awareness and reporting of the problems of the industrial city, generating changes in the notion of poverty, known then as a social evil can and should be avoided with the means available. This reaction will be the main engine of various attempts to reform the industrial city. For
Benevolo that defines the ideology of the urban form and the spirit of modern urbanism can be understood as follows:
modern urbanism is not just an attempt to visually represent these alternatives, translated instances transcends their organization spaces, but also a concrete stands as one of the factors that assist in building a democratic community. So lose the apparent position of remoteness from social conflicts [...] It occurs most humbly, as one of the techniques needed to define this balance, no longer pointing towards a perfect needs to be done at once, but to a series of partial modifications, to a reasonable compromise between the forces at play, which must be renewed continuously according to their reciprocating (55).
The period between the years 1815 to 1848 is, according to Benevolo, the era of the great hopes in the planning that aims to transform social inequalities, which are easily linked to technical arguments with ideological arguments, ee also characterized by the emergence of dual nature, science and moralist, of modern urbanism. Within this general framework, insert two lines of action to seek to resolve recognized problems in the industrial city: the utopias of the first half of the nineteenth century and attempts to implement them characterized by Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier and Cabet, and the experiments under way from the healthcare field to address urban problems from the demands of industrial development.
Among the utopias of the first half of the nineteenth century points to the following:
Owen and English co-operativist movement. The central thesis of Robert Owen (1771-1858) cautions that the environmental conditions that determine the fate of individuals, which is why it is necessary to reconstruct the environment in the service of man, before thinking some other form of benefit. Thus it introduces a number of benefits in working conditions and housing for workers, and lead to postulate the universality of its system as long as work in small habitats, while recognizing the importance of starting to apply it somewhere. His ideas coincide with the birth of modern socialism, trying to encourage more labor of the working classes, that the mechanical strength. The community model is proposed by Owen from 1000 to 1200 square acres are located in different buildings with capacity for 1200 people, beyond the gardens proposed, emplazarían industries and factories.
Three of the sides of the perimeter are intended for housing, particularly for those house-das, each consisting of four houses. The fourth side is reserved for children who exceed the number of two per family or having more than three years [...] On the other side are downtown housing for the general superintendent, the priest, the teacher [... ] Outside and behind the houses around, gardens surrounded by roads (67).
For Owen unemployment is a result of a misallocation of capital into the company and applies the increase in workers' wages to make consumer goods and not just instruments of production. The implementation of these ideas takes Owen to the foundation of this model in a-spot than 30,000 acres in Indiana, which is named New Harmony. Back in England in 1832, he founded the National Equitable Labour Exchange, a movement to bring about improvements in working conditions of workers and reform the British economy. In this sense, can be considered Owen as one of the pioneers of trade unionism. There followed the founding of a community in Queenswood, Hampshire. While their economic ideals of the working class had to be translated years later with the incorporation of cooperatives in English law, spatial aspects he considered inseparable social reform were not performed. Continuity of its development plans were J. Morgan, who was to influence later in JS Buckingham, designer of the city of Victoria.
Saint-Simonian school. The consequences of industrialization began to have strong implica-tions in France in more recent times in England and 1830. Saint-Simon proposed that the new industrial occupy positions of command and vacate the ruling classes. His followers, imbued with great public spirit, come to have great political influence in the French government and can be considered supporters of a culture of large-scale performances with a moral emphasis on society in so-called public works.
Charles Fourier's influence in Europe and America. His proposal is based on the belief that you can achieve a more just society based on joint efforts in eight incremental periods up to universal harmony. The city hosted the sixth period is from three zones: a central area containing the main public buildings, a second zone that houses the suburbs and other important buildings-tions, while the latter allows for broad avenues and the periphery . Each home has open space at least equivalent to the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction in the first zone, increasing its share for second twice and three times more for the last part of the city. Some urban aesthetic principles we are added to the planning of the city, for example, excludes the orthogonal to the design of roads and places an emphasis on the enjoyment of the landscape created, which would have the background of the landscape setting, or a monument of architecture. Aims to prevent the construction of small houses and accurate collective rooms need a larger scale to promote the concentration of services and common relations. For the seventh will be added to the city undifferentiated unit device that you called Falansterio, requiring an area a square league of 1500 1600 people. The Falange is the attempt to remedy the mess of the emerging urban industrial cities in France and can be seen as an internalization of public space, since all parts of this large urban building are connected by streets and gallery with no open roads outdoors. In subsequent years, these proposals would have a major influence on the construction of socialist communities in France and the United States, as the case of Brook Farm and Sylvania. The
familistery Godin. Jean Baptiste Godin decided carry out the Fourier Falanterio with some modifications in 1859. The Godin familistery organized into blocks of buildings closed grouped around courtyards cover. In 1880 established a cooperative to administer the factory workers themselves and familistery and states that it was in operation until 1939, the community grew to about four families and is undoubtedly the greatest achievement of all the theoretical attempts socialism.
Cabet egalitarian tradition. Between 1830 and 1848 is a recurring memory of the 1789 Revolution in France. Etienne Cabet participated in the revolution of 1830 and was subsequently exiled to England, where he met Owen. His ideas are reflected in a utopian novel in which he describes an imaginary country, Icaria, which represents as a city order drawn on a perfect grid and integrated by two concentric rings or boulevards. Back in France, began his political program of integral communism and persuaded a group of families to undertake to North America for the foundation of their projects. After a series of failures, in 1849 the "Icarian" rebuilt on the ruins of the founding Mormon settlement of Nauvoo. Later Cabet died in 1875 most were moved to Iowa and found Icaria, but internal dissension led to the creation of a second settlement they call New Icaria, in an effort to reconstruct the environment proposed by Cabet.
should be noted that both the Fourier Falansterio as Godin familistery are like small-sized cities covered, and this city on a small scale is determined as a large building. Ra Benevolo considered that these proposals with great projects anticipate further developed in the twentieth century as the housing unit of Le Corbusier, or the proposed urban Wright's Broadacre City to use the density similar to that described by Owen or Falansterio Fourier.
be understood that these early utopian aspirations of the working classes aspired to comple-tion transformation of society, certain critical content that attacked the bases of existing society-existent, proclaiming social harmony while to shaping the social class antagonism. Therefore:
offered solutions to the problem of the modern city are abstract and schematic, as they lack a realistic assessment of the linkages between urban programs and the overall development of economic and social relations, so that facilitate illusion that the urban order and social order are identified with each other, and that the latter can be built with the pace and methods of the first (113).
Theoretical research of social reformers will be used by Howard in the garden cities and the German designers of the Siedlungen the first war, impoverishing the concept of the ideal city to make it a subordinate element of the modern metropolis: the neighborhood more or less independent satellite. But the programs and initiatives born before 1848 still exist in our culture to indicate a much more ambitious, namely, the organization of the entire urban and rural landscape on the basis of new economic and social relations (114-5) .
light of the failure of parish government in England in the late eighteenth century to provide services to the growing population, much of urban and regional infrastructure such as roads, bridges, canals and ports were made by private initiative. Was a change in the role of the state, which limits its intervention to the authorization and supervision by patents. The invention of the railroad transformed not only the English landscape from 1825, it opened the first public transport connecting Stockton and Darlington, Manchester and Birmingham and then by extending this phenomenon after France. The speed with which they were giving urban and territorial transformations made law largely had a partial character, preventing a linkage between different sectors. The growth of new urban neighborhoods characterized by overcrowding and disorder in the periphery led a series of technical and health problems, and particularly from the latter as a perceived need for health legislation which comes to be the direct forerunner of modern zoning laws. From 1832 began to take the first steps for the implementation of legislation related public health "as inseparable of the built environment, and their recent transformations " (123). Ten years later, he performed the first comprehensive reference to the hygienic conditions of the working class. Developed by doctors at the service of the British Crown, this report yielded the following conclusions: need to establish minimum requirements for housing, mandatory health services, forcing owners to ventilate and clean the house properly, not allowed for underground and local housing and the creation of public funds that would allow the inclusion of parks public sites that lacked them. Subsequently, legislation should be developed more fully in the so-called Public Health Acts. In France the first reforms in the field of urban sanitation by 1840 are given by groups concerned about the improvement of the working class neighborhoods that consider the public interest. However, it should be noted that:
The provisions of the first regulations on height, offset, etc., Interpreted to the letter by the manufacturers to obtain the maximum density allowed, and even became obsessive building of new suburbs ( 137).
While recognizing that respect for private property was the basis of social order, the higher standard as the public interest over private. In this regard, the expropriations and the promulgation of regulations, laws and public health nature respond to epidemics that occurred over large sectors of the population. In particular, the law of eminent domain, 1841 would, years later, as legal justification for the profound changes made in the shape of the city of Paris by Hausmann under the purpose of improving the conditions of slum housing. Benevolent
notes that the year 1848 is a turning point for social and political history of European culture and modern urbanism, since even before this date, the planning had been understood as a technique to serve the community closely linked to politics. The working class becomes conscious of his situation and sees the possibilities of improving it, triggering the events of 1848 ha-brane reveal the profound differences between different social classes, the reality of class struggle and radical confrontation between bourgeois ideology and socialism socialist theorists point to the need for economic and urban planning against the ideological vacuum of the groups in power. The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels published a month before the events of 1848 in France would serve as the basis for ideological debate over the years to the integration of the First International in 1864, giving also a critique of utopian socialism experiences .
By 1873 it is clear separation between the attempts at reform of the European political left and urbanism as a promoter of the ideals of a just and egalitarian society. As a result of this separation, town loses its ideological substrate is reduced to a technical body whose spirit begins to be a reflection of the major interventions in Paris (Hausmann), the route of the Ring in Vienna, Barcelona and extensions Florence and the changes to the metropolitan transport network in London. As a whole is defined as "the work of a new class of designers and officials, scientists, competent and satisfied with their partial responsibility" (146), falling within the scope of European neo-conservatism. The groups in power in France, England, Germany, "very soon warn potential importance of a coherent policy of public works for the political stability of their countries. Partial reforms, including those produced by the leftist opposition, can be encouraged to avoid excessive pressure on institutions to be preserved "(147).
raise new social relations are derived from the industry, in some cases, we see that the improve-ment of housing conditions of workers is in the interest of root production and the labor required. Since 1846, for example, Richardson started the construction of a settlement trades in Bessbrook, Ireland. Some relevant experience in the planning of settlements related to industrial production suggest a return to the idealization of the city, based on a model plane as opposed to order ireegularidad of existing urban centers such as the plan for City of Victoria by John S. Buckingham is outlined as follows:
The main objectives have been to unite the highest degree of order, spaciousness and safety, the maximum abundance of air and light, and the most perfect sewer system, with the comfort and the desirability "desirability of any kind, [...] the easy accessibility to all corners of the city [...] with a provision of public buildings to make them easily accessible from all quarters, surrounded by vast spaces, many avenues of entry and exit (170). Having accepted
aspects based on geometry and smooth operation, the urbanism of the period set aside the policy approaches, and theoretical approaches are reassimilated socialist utilitarian-looking for the conservatism of the mid-nineteenth century: the works Hausmann, getting all the support of the king of France, are presented as technical acts stemming from certain objective needs and avoiding any explanation of political motivations. Hausmann is the developer and technical prototype specialist available for the new ruling class, to avoid any confrontation or ideological explanation.
Finally, Benevolo reiterates the book's central idea that experiences from urban develop-ment from different theoretical-practical (Utopians, functionalist, based on prevailing legislation), it is necessary to re-establish clearly the link between the planning and technical and policy, and concludes that:
Just as the propositions techniques of the utopians could be separated from so-cial innovations and used by the reformist very paternalistic to preserve the social order threatened by revolution, and the initiatives promoted by the conservative forces, once translated into reality, could be developed in a manner contrary to the original political motivation, and then transformed into weapons to overthrow the system of conservation [...] Thus, the cités ouvrière Napoleonic British model villages and colonies of the Krupp are the first links in a chain of experiences that lead to the cité industrielle Garnier, the Berlage neighborhoods [...] At this point the facts require a new confrontation between the urban and political programs [...] Such is the task with which we are now (189). BIBLIOGRAPHY
Benevolo, Leonardo
1992 Origins of modern urbanism
Translation
Celeste Editions Floreal Mazia
Madrid 
Notes and comments on the book:
Origins of Modern Urban
OF LEONARDO Benevolo
by N. FERNANDO WINFIELD REYES.
To Benevolo, modern urbanism is not born at the same time the first cities industrial but arises as a delayed reaction to attempt to correct the imbalances caused by the profound changes of the period of industrialization. Notes that even at the present time, urban knowledge applied with a delay in relation to the phenomena that seeks to control. In this regard, considers it important to review the early historical urban experience which applied to the problems of the industrial city.
Benevolo says that those experiences undertaken by the first industrial city reformers were inspired from two points of view, both technical and moralistic, seeking to correct imbalances produced social and economic in the first period of the industrial city, which places it between 1815 and 1848, despite acknowledging that the process of industrialization and transformation of the city long before it occurs from mid-eighteenth century, however, the first attempts to order the city of that period were located between the dates mentioned above.
For the various attempts to correct the problems of the industrial city can be two categories: that of the Utopians, who sought to regenerate the industrial city starting from the beginning from the creation of urban ways of living dictated by the theory but lacks a link between such attitudes with their environment and without an overall view of urban problems and on the other hand, specialists and technicians that give rise to planning legislation since the implementation of sanitary regulations, mainly due to the constant outbreaks and the unhealthiness of the working class neighborhoods.
Benevolo says that the vast majority of these initiatives coincide with a backdrop ideological approach that would find great matches with the principles of modern socialism, and later the year 1848 can be understood as a break date, since Since then loses the connection between politics and planning discipline that had characterized earlier periods of the industrial city in the West. Since then, urban take a look at the power technique constituted within the scope of a new conservative ideology. Since this is the central thesis of the book, Benevolo proposed for the present time the need for urban culture to resume contact with " political forces that tend to a similar overall transformation of society " (9). It is interesting
the definition of urban provided by volunteers from the conviction of the necessary link between urban planning and policy stating:
urbanism is a part of the policy, necessary to realize all the operational programs [...] To improve the distribution of human activity in the territory is necessary to improve economic and social relations of which depends on the activity, otherwise not sufficient to improve the economic and social relations that space are automatically corrected, but the change of spatial relationships is one way, inseparable from each other, to achieve overall balance that is the end of political action 10).
In the formation of the industrial city from the second half of the eighteenth century, population growth is the first decisive transformation as a result of the changes created by the production in the organization of work and innovative techniques. While increases, the population changes its distribution throughout the country as a result of economic changes. The changes in production generated the development of a new economic system based on the concentration of capital in the cities, first in England and later in other countries.
One of the first changes is introduced by the application of steam to the production of yarn and fabric from 1769, the old factories dispersed organization has been concentrating then in large factories in the course of the rivers and later near coal mines, by using these resources as a driving force. Technical advances make it in less than thirty years to generate a significant increase in industrial production. Benevolo says that in England
the development of industries and their concentration in large workshops attracted many families from the southern agricultural districts of the miners in the north and center, and moved from the isolated vi-housing in the countryside , the compact neighborhoods built near the factories, as well born, suddenly, new towns, and many of the old rose excessive manner (19-20).
industrial cities offered to employers of labor have always in stock and replaced, while workers will nevertheless be exploited in long hours working in the cities found a wider variety of choices and the ability to integrate according to common interests. Moreover, the requirements of the business of producing and trading forced the renovation and expansion of communication networks and new and more efficient means of transport. According to transmission and expanding commercial movement, cities were becoming more important to focus centers Decision of the economy. Together these changes altered not only the territorial distribution of the population, but also their lifestyles, land use and landscape picture.
liberal thought the time had an enormous influence on politics and government, founding a school of thought that contributed to the weakening of authoritarian initiative of the city, to abolish the old urban legal restrictions, discrediting and weakening the methods urban control of preceding eras. To this end:
The baroque urban systematization, and especially some courtly compositions the first half of the seventeenth century, sometimes anticipated, so suggestive, the spatial dimension of the modern city but remain [...] totally unrelated to the temporal dimension thereafter as determined conditions in a new environment Urban (26-7).
The contrast with the ancient city is evident. While the former remained almost unchanged in extended periods of time, which can receive a defined architectural form that would provide for future growth potential, which characterizes the emerging industrial city is the increasing speed of their transformations. Therefore and from the mid eighteenth century, no longer a paradox that:
while the architecture of your account reaches the maximum projection subtle mo-monumentality environments and its harmonization with the natural or urban landscape decreases Executive consistency and the ability to form lasting impact, with the same resources in fabric of the city (34).
The growing migration to the cities has to multiply the possibilities of accommodation in the available space of the old quarters, but when these are insufficient, creating vast slum on the outskirts of the city. The accommodation in both cases slightly varied within very narrow limits and a common trait were overcrowded and unsanitary conditions prevailing. The image of the city's first industrial period can be characterized by the following description of the city of Manchester provided by Frederick Engels in The situation of the working class (65-68):
... colossal buildings of six to seven floors, with its tall, narrow chimneys dominate the low cot-tages workers.
Parallel to these transformations of material, technological, economic and social, there is a growing awareness and reporting of the problems of the industrial city, generating changes in the notion of poverty, known then as a social evil can and should be avoided with the means available. This reaction will be the main engine of various attempts to reform the industrial city. For
Benevolo that defines the ideology of the urban form and the spirit of modern urbanism can be understood as follows:
modern urbanism is not just an attempt to visually represent these alternatives, translated instances transcends their organization spaces, but also a concrete stands as one of the factors that assist in building a democratic community. So lose the apparent position of remoteness from social conflicts [...] It occurs most humbly, as one of the techniques needed to define this balance, no longer pointing towards a perfect needs to be done at once, but to a series of partial modifications, to a reasonable compromise between the forces at play, which must be renewed continuously according to their reciprocating (55).
The period between the years 1815 to 1848 is, according to Benevolo, the era of the great hopes in the planning that aims to transform social inequalities, which are easily linked to technical arguments with ideological arguments, ee also characterized by the emergence of dual nature, science and moralist, of modern urbanism. Within this general framework, insert two lines of action to seek to resolve recognized problems in the industrial city: the utopias of the first half of the nineteenth century and attempts to implement them characterized by Owen, Saint-Simon, Fourier and Cabet, and the experiments under way from the healthcare field to address urban problems from the demands of industrial development.
Among the utopias of the first half of the nineteenth century points to the following:
Owen and English co-operativist movement. The central thesis of Robert Owen (1771-1858) cautions that the environmental conditions that determine the fate of individuals, which is why it is necessary to reconstruct the environment in the service of man, before thinking some other form of benefit. Thus it introduces a number of benefits in working conditions and housing for workers, and lead to postulate the universality of its system as long as work in small habitats, while recognizing the importance of starting to apply it somewhere. His ideas coincide with the birth of modern socialism, trying to encourage more labor of the working classes, that the mechanical strength. The community model is proposed by Owen from 1000 to 1200 square acres are located in different buildings with capacity for 1200 people, beyond the gardens proposed, emplazarían industries and factories.
Three of the sides of the perimeter are intended for housing, particularly for those house-das, each consisting of four houses. The fourth side is reserved for children who exceed the number of two per family or having more than three years [...] On the other side are downtown housing for the general superintendent, the priest, the teacher [... ] Outside and behind the houses around, gardens surrounded by roads (67).
For Owen unemployment is a result of a misallocation of capital into the company and applies the increase in workers' wages to make consumer goods and not just instruments of production. The implementation of these ideas takes Owen to the foundation of this model in a-spot than 30,000 acres in Indiana, which is named New Harmony. Back in England in 1832, he founded the National Equitable Labour Exchange, a movement to bring about improvements in working conditions of workers and reform the British economy. In this sense, can be considered Owen as one of the pioneers of trade unionism. There followed the founding of a community in Queenswood, Hampshire. While their economic ideals of the working class had to be translated years later with the incorporation of cooperatives in English law, spatial aspects he considered inseparable social reform were not performed. Continuity of its development plans were J. Morgan, who was to influence later in JS Buckingham, designer of the city of Victoria.
Saint-Simonian school. The consequences of industrialization began to have strong implica-tions in France in more recent times in England and 1830. Saint-Simon proposed that the new industrial occupy positions of command and vacate the ruling classes. His followers, imbued with great public spirit, come to have great political influence in the French government and can be considered supporters of a culture of large-scale performances with a moral emphasis on society in so-called public works.
Charles Fourier's influence in Europe and America. His proposal is based on the belief that you can achieve a more just society based on joint efforts in eight incremental periods up to universal harmony. The city hosted the sixth period is from three zones: a central area containing the main public buildings, a second zone that houses the suburbs and other important buildings-tions, while the latter allows for broad avenues and the periphery . Each home has open space at least equivalent to the area of \u200b\u200bconstruction in the first zone, increasing its share for second twice and three times more for the last part of the city. Some urban aesthetic principles we are added to the planning of the city, for example, excludes the orthogonal to the design of roads and places an emphasis on the enjoyment of the landscape created, which would have the background of the landscape setting, or a monument of architecture. Aims to prevent the construction of small houses and accurate collective rooms need a larger scale to promote the concentration of services and common relations. For the seventh will be added to the city undifferentiated unit device that you called Falansterio, requiring an area a square league of 1500 1600 people. The Falange is the attempt to remedy the mess of the emerging urban industrial cities in France and can be seen as an internalization of public space, since all parts of this large urban building are connected by streets and gallery with no open roads outdoors. In subsequent years, these proposals would have a major influence on the construction of socialist communities in France and the United States, as the case of Brook Farm and Sylvania. The
familistery Godin. Jean Baptiste Godin decided carry out the Fourier Falanterio with some modifications in 1859. The Godin familistery organized into blocks of buildings closed grouped around courtyards cover. In 1880 established a cooperative to administer the factory workers themselves and familistery and states that it was in operation until 1939, the community grew to about four families and is undoubtedly the greatest achievement of all the theoretical attempts socialism.
Cabet egalitarian tradition. Between 1830 and 1848 is a recurring memory of the 1789 Revolution in France. Etienne Cabet participated in the revolution of 1830 and was subsequently exiled to England, where he met Owen. His ideas are reflected in a utopian novel in which he describes an imaginary country, Icaria, which represents as a city order drawn on a perfect grid and integrated by two concentric rings or boulevards. Back in France, began his political program of integral communism and persuaded a group of families to undertake to North America for the foundation of their projects. After a series of failures, in 1849 the "Icarian" rebuilt on the ruins of the founding Mormon settlement of Nauvoo. Later Cabet died in 1875 most were moved to Iowa and found Icaria, but internal dissension led to the creation of a second settlement they call New Icaria, in an effort to reconstruct the environment proposed by Cabet.
should be noted that both the Fourier Falansterio as Godin familistery are like small-sized cities covered, and this city on a small scale is determined as a large building. Ra Benevolo considered that these proposals with great projects anticipate further developed in the twentieth century as the housing unit of Le Corbusier, or the proposed urban Wright's Broadacre City to use the density similar to that described by Owen or Falansterio Fourier.
be understood that these early utopian aspirations of the working classes aspired to comple-tion transformation of society, certain critical content that attacked the bases of existing society-existent, proclaiming social harmony while to shaping the social class antagonism. Therefore:
offered solutions to the problem of the modern city are abstract and schematic, as they lack a realistic assessment of the linkages between urban programs and the overall development of economic and social relations, so that facilitate illusion that the urban order and social order are identified with each other, and that the latter can be built with the pace and methods of the first (113).
Theoretical research of social reformers will be used by Howard in the garden cities and the German designers of the Siedlungen the first war, impoverishing the concept of the ideal city to make it a subordinate element of the modern metropolis: the neighborhood more or less independent satellite. But the programs and initiatives born before 1848 still exist in our culture to indicate a much more ambitious, namely, the organization of the entire urban and rural landscape on the basis of new economic and social relations (114-5) .
light of the failure of parish government in England in the late eighteenth century to provide services to the growing population, much of urban and regional infrastructure such as roads, bridges, canals and ports were made by private initiative. Was a change in the role of the state, which limits its intervention to the authorization and supervision by patents. The invention of the railroad transformed not only the English landscape from 1825, it opened the first public transport connecting Stockton and Darlington, Manchester and Birmingham and then by extending this phenomenon after France. The speed with which they were giving urban and territorial transformations made law largely had a partial character, preventing a linkage between different sectors. The growth of new urban neighborhoods characterized by overcrowding and disorder in the periphery led a series of technical and health problems, and particularly from the latter as a perceived need for health legislation which comes to be the direct forerunner of modern zoning laws. From 1832 began to take the first steps for the implementation of legislation related public health "as inseparable of the built environment, and their recent transformations " (123). Ten years later, he performed the first comprehensive reference to the hygienic conditions of the working class. Developed by doctors at the service of the British Crown, this report yielded the following conclusions: need to establish minimum requirements for housing, mandatory health services, forcing owners to ventilate and clean the house properly, not allowed for underground and local housing and the creation of public funds that would allow the inclusion of parks public sites that lacked them. Subsequently, legislation should be developed more fully in the so-called Public Health Acts. In France the first reforms in the field of urban sanitation by 1840 are given by groups concerned about the improvement of the working class neighborhoods that consider the public interest. However, it should be noted that:
The provisions of the first regulations on height, offset, etc., Interpreted to the letter by the manufacturers to obtain the maximum density allowed, and even became obsessive building of new suburbs ( 137).
While recognizing that respect for private property was the basis of social order, the higher standard as the public interest over private. In this regard, the expropriations and the promulgation of regulations, laws and public health nature respond to epidemics that occurred over large sectors of the population. In particular, the law of eminent domain, 1841 would, years later, as legal justification for the profound changes made in the shape of the city of Paris by Hausmann under the purpose of improving the conditions of slum housing. Benevolent
notes that the year 1848 is a turning point for social and political history of European culture and modern urbanism, since even before this date, the planning had been understood as a technique to serve the community closely linked to politics. The working class becomes conscious of his situation and sees the possibilities of improving it, triggering the events of 1848 ha-brane reveal the profound differences between different social classes, the reality of class struggle and radical confrontation between bourgeois ideology and socialism socialist theorists point to the need for economic and urban planning against the ideological vacuum of the groups in power. The Communist Manifesto Marx and Engels published a month before the events of 1848 in France would serve as the basis for ideological debate over the years to the integration of the First International in 1864, giving also a critique of utopian socialism experiences .
By 1873 it is clear separation between the attempts at reform of the European political left and urbanism as a promoter of the ideals of a just and egalitarian society. As a result of this separation, town loses its ideological substrate is reduced to a technical body whose spirit begins to be a reflection of the major interventions in Paris (Hausmann), the route of the Ring in Vienna, Barcelona and extensions Florence and the changes to the metropolitan transport network in London. As a whole is defined as "the work of a new class of designers and officials, scientists, competent and satisfied with their partial responsibility" (146), falling within the scope of European neo-conservatism. The groups in power in France, England, Germany, "very soon warn potential importance of a coherent policy of public works for the political stability of their countries. Partial reforms, including those produced by the leftist opposition, can be encouraged to avoid excessive pressure on institutions to be preserved "(147).
raise new social relations are derived from the industry, in some cases, we see that the improve-ment of housing conditions of workers is in the interest of root production and the labor required. Since 1846, for example, Richardson started the construction of a settlement trades in Bessbrook, Ireland. Some relevant experience in the planning of settlements related to industrial production suggest a return to the idealization of the city, based on a model plane as opposed to order ireegularidad of existing urban centers such as the plan for City of Victoria by John S. Buckingham is outlined as follows:
The main objectives have been to unite the highest degree of order, spaciousness and safety, the maximum abundance of air and light, and the most perfect sewer system, with the comfort and the desirability "desirability of any kind, [...] the easy accessibility to all corners of the city [...] with a provision of public buildings to make them easily accessible from all quarters, surrounded by vast spaces, many avenues of entry and exit (170). Having accepted
aspects based on geometry and smooth operation, the urbanism of the period set aside the policy approaches, and theoretical approaches are reassimilated socialist utilitarian-looking for the conservatism of the mid-nineteenth century: the works Hausmann, getting all the support of the king of France, are presented as technical acts stemming from certain objective needs and avoiding any explanation of political motivations. Hausmann is the developer and technical prototype specialist available for the new ruling class, to avoid any confrontation or ideological explanation.
Finally, Benevolo reiterates the book's central idea that experiences from urban develop-ment from different theoretical-practical (Utopians, functionalist, based on prevailing legislation), it is necessary to re-establish clearly the link between the planning and technical and policy, and concludes that:
Just as the propositions techniques of the utopians could be separated from so-cial innovations and used by the reformist very paternalistic to preserve the social order threatened by revolution, and the initiatives promoted by the conservative forces, once translated into reality, could be developed in a manner contrary to the original political motivation, and then transformed into weapons to overthrow the system of conservation [...] Thus, the cités ouvrière Napoleonic British model villages and colonies of the Krupp are the first links in a chain of experiences that lead to the cité industrielle Garnier, the Berlage neighborhoods [...] At this point the facts require a new confrontation between the urban and political programs [...] Such is the task with which we are now (189). BIBLIOGRAPHY
Benevolo, Leonardo
1992 Origins of modern urbanism
Translation
Celeste Editions Floreal Mazia
Madrid
Friday, November 19, 2010
How To Get High Off Skelaxin
Cityscapes. RUA
The representation of the city always implies the eye of the beholder. With different languages \u200b\u200band at different times, man has endeavored to capture the city graphically what he means, what it covers.
leave here three magnificent examples of the human capacity to synthesise the city, all formant part of the collection National Gallery of Art, en Washington, D.C. 
The representation of the city always implies the eye of the beholder. With different languages \u200b\u200band at different times, man has endeavored to capture the city graphically what he means, what it covers.
leave here three magnificent examples of the human capacity to synthesise the city, all formant part of the collection National Gallery of Art, en Washington, D.C.
Monday, November 8, 2010
Wednesday, October 27, 2010
Partial Volume Elliptical Head
TOMÁS MORO (1480-1535)
“La sociedad política que construye idealmente Tomás Moro, en las páginas de su Utopía, tiene alguna similitud con el pensamiento político de Platón. Ambos suponen una estructura comunista, esto es, que signifique la desparición de la propiedad privada. Pero con notables diferencias; en Platón ese comunismo sólo debe existir respecto de la clase de los guardianes, para que toda su atención se encuentre concentrada en las tareas propias del gobierno. Moro Instead, he proposes that communism, or the disappearance of private property, encompassing the entire society and, like the Marxists, which is a precursor, derives its attack on private property and proposes the elimination of same, to replace the collective, for the same reasons that would express the Marxist socialism: the inequalities and exploitation resulting unequal distribution of wealth. More advanced than the Marxist communism Moro is comprehensive, covers all means of production and consumption. "
PORRUA PEREZ, FRANCISCO
MEXICO STATE THEORY. Porrua, 1954. P.101
THOMAS CAMPANELLA (1568-1639)
"... it is also the author of a communist utopia. In his book The City of the Sun imagines the existence of a polity in which there is no private property whatsoever, corresponding to all work products of its inhabitants and also being in common use. "
PORRUA PEREZ, FRANCISCO
MEXICO STATE THEORY. Porrua, 1954. P.101
Monday, October 4, 2010
Whats Difference Between A Blowout And Tape Up
HTC Utopias. 20 to 22 October 2010 Presentation
you there! 
you there!
Wednesday, September 22, 2010
Leather Bibles Engraved
RUA4, Bicentennial.
In the academic community, interested, curious, colleagues and friends are cordially invited to the presentation of the monograph de RUA dedicado a los festejos conmemorativos nacionales.
La cita es el jueves 30 de septiembre, a las 18:00 horas en el auditorio de la FAUV. Como siempre, lo más importante es su presencia que es la que da razón de ser a éste y cualquier otro evento de divulgación del conocimento.
¡Los esperamos! 
In the academic community, interested, curious, colleagues and friends are cordially invited to the presentation of the monograph de RUA dedicado a los festejos conmemorativos nacionales.
La cita es el jueves 30 de septiembre, a las 18:00 horas en el auditorio de la FAUV. Como siempre, lo más importante es su presencia que es la que da razón de ser a éste y cualquier otro evento de divulgación del conocimento.
¡Los esperamos!
Monday, September 13, 2010
Samurai Swords India Shops
Vernacular Architecture in the Lower Rio Bobos
Fotografía: Cortesía del Arq. Diego Adrian Juárez Olmedo. Depto de Obras públicas H. Ayuntamiento Constitucional de San Rafael Ver.
Necesidad de identificación e inventario de la Arquitectura Vernácula en la Cuenca baja del Río Bobos y su potencial to trigger local economic development, from cultural tourism. Arch
Humberto Torres Guevara (*)
MSc. in DI Álvaro Hernández Santiago (**)
article aims to draw the attention of academic and professional community of the presence of architecture, still alive, a cultural tradition parallel to the secular traditions of Mexico.
refers to the product architecture and materials developed by French immigrants who arrived in the Lower Rio Bobos in the municipalities of Nautla and San Rafael in the state of Veracruz, in the mid-nineteenth century. Cultural syncretism is present in this region and favoring an estate built with particular characteristics that must be safeguarded and further, to value, for use as trigger chain cornerstone of local economic development based on cultural tourism and adventure.
The Lower Rio Bobos, located in central Veracruz state, less than 45 miles offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, is one of the most interesting cultural areas of this state. On a lush territory is no evidence of human presence from Jicaltepec archaeological remains on the south bank of the Bobos River, where it was located settlement in the sixteenth century from indigenous peoples and Cempoala Quiahuixtlan, who emigrated to avoid contracting smallpox brought by the English.
Emphasizes the emergence in the nineteenth century the first stream of European immigrants, specifically French, who over 150 years have contributed their work and ways of life to shape a distinctive culture, whose architecture stresses physical manifestations. It is precisely the reason the built heritage of this work, mainly in the municipalities of San Rafael and Nautla, because they are seen in buildings in which you can see the architectural influence of the French countryside, adapted to the conditions the humid tropics of Veracruz.
highlight, among other things, the presence of high penthouses in a region devoid of snow, which have syncretized with frames forming what the people of the region called bird's wing roofs, dormers and shutters protecting the dwelling from the cold but the tropical storm.
roofs covered with shingles whose first specimens came from the Alsace region and were the ballast of ships, having left the port of Le Havre, arriving at and departing Nautla loaded with agricultural products did prosper the colony.
In this context, emerged and flourished in the so-called settlements based plantation economy of neocolonialism flagship model. Since the time of the colonial system dates the dedication of certain areas of the world agriculture and mining and raw materials, through a system of productive specialization seeking comparative advantages. Depending on the success of agriculture and the emerging agro-industrial activity, the resettlement of immigrants prospered and diversified into different parts of the lower river basin Bobos, giving rise to towns such as Mentidero, San Rafael and El Ojito, among others. The degree of consolidation has depended on three main factors: 1) soil fertility and its potential for diversification of applications, 2) the entrepreneurial spirit of immigrants and their descendants, and 3) international prices of raw materials.
The configuration on the territory of this system of sites has been formed from the axis which is the river itself as well as road-Nautla Teziutlán, which runs parallel to the riverbed.
This system has been successful based on the idiosyncrasies of its inhabitants, who have successfully adapted to changing national and international market for agricultural products and have diversified their activities towards the tertiary sector. But prosperity is polarized, since 75% of the population have incomes of less than 2 times the minimum wage and in remote locations of the basin remain endemic problems in the Mexican countryside.
While growth has been based on the export of raw materials produced in the study area (agriculture), they do not compromise the use of labor broadly, on the contrary, their activities have a strong support capital intensive. On the basis of some theories, you can set it so that the fruits of growth reach the poorest and rural areas, you need to generate more employment in place. In this perspective, activities such as agribusiness and tourism have been identified not only in generating employment and require little investment.
In this regard, it should reassess the tourism as a lever for development: "With the creation in 1975 of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), this becomes l executing agency of the United Nations Programme for Development (PNDU) and consequently takes the responsibility for an activity responsible tourism, sustainable and universally accessible to contribute to the development of people and improving their quality of life. "
In most cases, European immigrants were absorbed by the policies of the Mexican state, if efforts to safeguard national sovereignty from the strengthening of an emerging national identity permanently at risk.
For this reason, there is minimal cultural contribution they could make the most of immigrants on the architecture of your home country (the stylistic influences of the nineteenth century are the result of processes of dependence of European cities who implanted their architectural trends. It is not the case of buildings presented in this article.
built heritage of the region is unique and is the result of how humans facing new environments making use of secular tradition but also adapting to new environmental and cultural contexts.
This rich heritage is threatened by contemporary cultural patterns that threaten the traditional architecture which, with all its advantages, traditionally loses the battle against materials and industrial technologies. His appreciation and value offered to study area communities an opportunity to trigger economic development chains arising from their own localities to become an engine to achieve improved quality of life of people
With integrated vision of reality cultural de la región, es necesario identificar los ejemplos que subsisten de la arquitectura vernácula franco-mexicana en la cuenca baja del río Bobos e inventariar los ejemplares localizados en la comunidad de Mentidero, municipio de San Rafael, resaltando las posibilidades que su preservación, restauración y puesta en valor, para detonar un desarrollo económico a partir del turismo, generando empleo local y la creando capital social en la comunidad.
En este contexto es importante, a partir del trabajo colegiado de las escuelas de Arquitectura del estado de Veracruz, dar los primeros pasos de un recorrido que tiene como destino final la puesta en valor de este patrimonio arquitectónico como palanca de un desarrollo local economic diversification of the productive activity into new niches of opportunity in which to engage the inhabitants of this region. For this purpose the following objectives:
• Identify regional level (Lower Rio Bobos) settlements with traditional architecture product of the various stages of French immigration to Mexico from the nineteenth century and their descendants to form a polygonal to delimit this cultural event on the territory.
• Locate on maps by economic nuclei at this stage, a photographic inventory of the same intervention areas for further work.
• Delimitar el ámbito patrimonial de la localidad de Mentidero como modelo para el inventario arquitectónico y catalogación.
• Realizar fichas patrimoniales de las edificaciones con valor histórico para conformar un catalogo.
• Identificar un lenguaje de patrones presentes en la arquitectura del lugar que posteriormente servirá como base para los reglamentos de reconstrucción en casas con valor patrimonial y construcción de arquitectura contextual así como en proyectos de regeneración urbana
• Realizar proyectos de Diseño urbano y de paisaje en las localidades de que cuentan con patrimonio edificado como un instrumento de gestión de recursos para el mejoramiento paulatino de these settlements.
Epilogue:
scholars of architecture, we must note the presence of beauty where no one seems to perceive it. Our students should be the first tasters and supporters of heritage and its undeniable beauty. This value is often marred by the materialistic outlook of modern society. This is not a romantic view and anoint invite our built heritage, by contrast, is a statement about their value and potential for economically depressed communities may, in the hands of the university, develop strategies to harness the potential of our history and identity as the engine that drives development.
Bibliography.
FERNANDEZ, Callejas, Carlos Alberto. Excerpt from the book in process "stories, legends and tales of the region
of San Rafael."
http://nemecapitaine.antonio.neuf.fr/evidenciaindia.html Pastrana, Santiago, http://club.telepolis.com/PASTRANEC/rt66.htm
STAVENHAGEN, Rodolfo, "Social Classes in agrarian societies," Edit. Siglo XXI, Mexico 1996, 304 p.
BALDARRAGO, Elin, "Tourism and local economic development: The case of the Colca Canyon in the province of Caylloma - Arequipa. Research Project Proposal Short Closed for institutions outside of Lima "CONSORTIUM DE INVESTIGACION ECONOMICA Y SOCIAL – CIES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA – UNSA
TORRES, Humberto: “El mejoramiento del ambiente urbano como detonante del Desarrollo Económico Local a partir del Turismo en las localidades marginadas. Caso de estudio: Región Totonaca, Estado de Veracruz.” Revista de la Red de Investigación Urbana, Facultad de Arquitectura Universidad Veracruzana. Num. 1 Año 2009.
TORRES, Humberto El patrimonio edificado como detonante del Desarrollo Económico Local a partir del Turismo. Caso de estudio: Cuenca baja del río Bobos, Estado de Veracruz.” Artículo en construcción para Revista de la Red de Investigación Urbana, Facultad Architecture Universidad Veracruzana.
(*): Subject Teacher, Friend of the academic body, "Formation of Architectural and Urban Space." Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Veracruzana, Poza Rica Region - Tuxpan. (**):
Full time professor, member of core academic body, "Formation of Architectural and Urban Space." Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Veracruzana, Poza Rica Region - Tuxpan. 
Fotografía: Cortesía del Arq. Diego Adrian Juárez Olmedo. Depto de Obras públicas H. Ayuntamiento Constitucional de San Rafael Ver.
Necesidad de identificación e inventario de la Arquitectura Vernácula en la Cuenca baja del Río Bobos y su potencial to trigger local economic development, from cultural tourism. Arch
Humberto Torres Guevara (*)
MSc. in DI Álvaro Hernández Santiago (**)
article aims to draw the attention of academic and professional community of the presence of architecture, still alive, a cultural tradition parallel to the secular traditions of Mexico.
refers to the product architecture and materials developed by French immigrants who arrived in the Lower Rio Bobos in the municipalities of Nautla and San Rafael in the state of Veracruz, in the mid-nineteenth century. Cultural syncretism is present in this region and favoring an estate built with particular characteristics that must be safeguarded and further, to value, for use as trigger chain cornerstone of local economic development based on cultural tourism and adventure.
The Lower Rio Bobos, located in central Veracruz state, less than 45 miles offshore in the Gulf of Mexico, is one of the most interesting cultural areas of this state. On a lush territory is no evidence of human presence from Jicaltepec archaeological remains on the south bank of the Bobos River, where it was located settlement in the sixteenth century from indigenous peoples and Cempoala Quiahuixtlan, who emigrated to avoid contracting smallpox brought by the English.
Emphasizes the emergence in the nineteenth century the first stream of European immigrants, specifically French, who over 150 years have contributed their work and ways of life to shape a distinctive culture, whose architecture stresses physical manifestations. It is precisely the reason the built heritage of this work, mainly in the municipalities of San Rafael and Nautla, because they are seen in buildings in which you can see the architectural influence of the French countryside, adapted to the conditions the humid tropics of Veracruz.
highlight, among other things, the presence of high penthouses in a region devoid of snow, which have syncretized with frames forming what the people of the region called bird's wing roofs, dormers and shutters protecting the dwelling from the cold but the tropical storm.
roofs covered with shingles whose first specimens came from the Alsace region and were the ballast of ships, having left the port of Le Havre, arriving at and departing Nautla loaded with agricultural products did prosper the colony.
In this context, emerged and flourished in the so-called settlements based plantation economy of neocolonialism flagship model. Since the time of the colonial system dates the dedication of certain areas of the world agriculture and mining and raw materials, through a system of productive specialization seeking comparative advantages. Depending on the success of agriculture and the emerging agro-industrial activity, the resettlement of immigrants prospered and diversified into different parts of the lower river basin Bobos, giving rise to towns such as Mentidero, San Rafael and El Ojito, among others. The degree of consolidation has depended on three main factors: 1) soil fertility and its potential for diversification of applications, 2) the entrepreneurial spirit of immigrants and their descendants, and 3) international prices of raw materials.
The configuration on the territory of this system of sites has been formed from the axis which is the river itself as well as road-Nautla Teziutlán, which runs parallel to the riverbed.
This system has been successful based on the idiosyncrasies of its inhabitants, who have successfully adapted to changing national and international market for agricultural products and have diversified their activities towards the tertiary sector. But prosperity is polarized, since 75% of the population have incomes of less than 2 times the minimum wage and in remote locations of the basin remain endemic problems in the Mexican countryside.
While growth has been based on the export of raw materials produced in the study area (agriculture), they do not compromise the use of labor broadly, on the contrary, their activities have a strong support capital intensive. On the basis of some theories, you can set it so that the fruits of growth reach the poorest and rural areas, you need to generate more employment in place. In this perspective, activities such as agribusiness and tourism have been identified not only in generating employment and require little investment.
In this regard, it should reassess the tourism as a lever for development: "With the creation in 1975 of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), this becomes l executing agency of the United Nations Programme for Development (PNDU) and consequently takes the responsibility for an activity responsible tourism, sustainable and universally accessible to contribute to the development of people and improving their quality of life. "
In most cases, European immigrants were absorbed by the policies of the Mexican state, if efforts to safeguard national sovereignty from the strengthening of an emerging national identity permanently at risk.
For this reason, there is minimal cultural contribution they could make the most of immigrants on the architecture of your home country (the stylistic influences of the nineteenth century are the result of processes of dependence of European cities who implanted their architectural trends. It is not the case of buildings presented in this article.
built heritage of the region is unique and is the result of how humans facing new environments making use of secular tradition but also adapting to new environmental and cultural contexts.
This rich heritage is threatened by contemporary cultural patterns that threaten the traditional architecture which, with all its advantages, traditionally loses the battle against materials and industrial technologies. His appreciation and value offered to study area communities an opportunity to trigger economic development chains arising from their own localities to become an engine to achieve improved quality of life of people
With integrated vision of reality cultural de la región, es necesario identificar los ejemplos que subsisten de la arquitectura vernácula franco-mexicana en la cuenca baja del río Bobos e inventariar los ejemplares localizados en la comunidad de Mentidero, municipio de San Rafael, resaltando las posibilidades que su preservación, restauración y puesta en valor, para detonar un desarrollo económico a partir del turismo, generando empleo local y la creando capital social en la comunidad.
En este contexto es importante, a partir del trabajo colegiado de las escuelas de Arquitectura del estado de Veracruz, dar los primeros pasos de un recorrido que tiene como destino final la puesta en valor de este patrimonio arquitectónico como palanca de un desarrollo local economic diversification of the productive activity into new niches of opportunity in which to engage the inhabitants of this region. For this purpose the following objectives:
• Identify regional level (Lower Rio Bobos) settlements with traditional architecture product of the various stages of French immigration to Mexico from the nineteenth century and their descendants to form a polygonal to delimit this cultural event on the territory.
• Locate on maps by economic nuclei at this stage, a photographic inventory of the same intervention areas for further work.
• Delimitar el ámbito patrimonial de la localidad de Mentidero como modelo para el inventario arquitectónico y catalogación.
• Realizar fichas patrimoniales de las edificaciones con valor histórico para conformar un catalogo.
• Identificar un lenguaje de patrones presentes en la arquitectura del lugar que posteriormente servirá como base para los reglamentos de reconstrucción en casas con valor patrimonial y construcción de arquitectura contextual así como en proyectos de regeneración urbana
• Realizar proyectos de Diseño urbano y de paisaje en las localidades de que cuentan con patrimonio edificado como un instrumento de gestión de recursos para el mejoramiento paulatino de these settlements.
Epilogue:
scholars of architecture, we must note the presence of beauty where no one seems to perceive it. Our students should be the first tasters and supporters of heritage and its undeniable beauty. This value is often marred by the materialistic outlook of modern society. This is not a romantic view and anoint invite our built heritage, by contrast, is a statement about their value and potential for economically depressed communities may, in the hands of the university, develop strategies to harness the potential of our history and identity as the engine that drives development.
Bibliography.
FERNANDEZ, Callejas, Carlos Alberto. Excerpt from the book in process "stories, legends and tales of the region
of San Rafael."
http://nemecapitaine.antonio.neuf.fr/evidenciaindia.html Pastrana, Santiago, http://club.telepolis.com/PASTRANEC/rt66.htm
STAVENHAGEN, Rodolfo, "Social Classes in agrarian societies," Edit. Siglo XXI, Mexico 1996, 304 p.
BALDARRAGO, Elin, "Tourism and local economic development: The case of the Colca Canyon in the province of Caylloma - Arequipa. Research Project Proposal Short Closed for institutions outside of Lima "CONSORTIUM DE INVESTIGACION ECONOMICA Y SOCIAL – CIES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN AGUSTÍN DE AREQUIPA – UNSA
TORRES, Humberto: “El mejoramiento del ambiente urbano como detonante del Desarrollo Económico Local a partir del Turismo en las localidades marginadas. Caso de estudio: Región Totonaca, Estado de Veracruz.” Revista de la Red de Investigación Urbana, Facultad de Arquitectura Universidad Veracruzana. Num. 1 Año 2009.
TORRES, Humberto El patrimonio edificado como detonante del Desarrollo Económico Local a partir del Turismo. Caso de estudio: Cuenca baja del río Bobos, Estado de Veracruz.” Artículo en construcción para Revista de la Red de Investigación Urbana, Facultad Architecture Universidad Veracruzana.
(*): Subject Teacher, Friend of the academic body, "Formation of Architectural and Urban Space." Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Veracruzana, Poza Rica Region - Tuxpan. (**):
Full time professor, member of core academic body, "Formation of Architectural and Urban Space." Faculty of Architecture, Universidad Veracruzana, Poza Rica Region - Tuxpan.
Saturday, August 14, 2010
Tawnwee Stone Blogger
Revista RUA, Bicentennial Edition Urban Development
Editorial
Architecture, as causal phenomenon, has responded directly or indirectly to events historical societies for which different cultures have passed.
is why, this year in Mexico upon completion of two hundred and one hundred years, respectively, the start of the armed movements known as Independence and Revolution, it is required an exercise of reflection on social conditions economic and political, at the distance of time scales referred to above, presents the Mexico of today. In this context is inescapable, from the academy, refer and analyze the architectural expressions derived from the historical movements mentioned.
is in consequence of the foregoing that the issue RUA4 copy addresses, under the critical position of each one of the contributors, various aspects of the characteristics of architectural production in the later stages due to the historical movements to which he alluded.
Starting in Mexico armed independence movement of the early nineteenth century was the beginning of a long period of political instability, social economic and therefore generate a very austere and poor architectural production. Even the Reform Juarista period was characterized by the demolition of a large number of buildings from the Colonial period, intended it as disappearing symbols of colonial domination.
Conversely, stands the architectural production of so-called post-revolutionary period, in which the search for a clear definition that would lead to a synthesis that would allow Mexico to understand at that time, encouraged the expression of so-called Nationalist movement , which, based on the reuse of pre-Hispanic forms in the Neo Indians in the recovery of the Neocolonial Virreinales demonstrations and the use of the principles of the European vanguard of the Art Deco time, laid the foundation for different forms to see and do in Mexican architecture.
on these issues is that the content of RUA4 weaves its pages, with the sole intention of motivating the reader to reflection, from the architectural, historical conditions and consequences for which the Mexico of today has gone in the last two years. Dr. Gustavo
Bureau Roquet. Editorial Board Member
RUA 
Editorial
Architecture, as causal phenomenon, has responded directly or indirectly to events historical societies for which different cultures have passed.
is why, this year in Mexico upon completion of two hundred and one hundred years, respectively, the start of the armed movements known as Independence and Revolution, it is required an exercise of reflection on social conditions economic and political, at the distance of time scales referred to above, presents the Mexico of today. In this context is inescapable, from the academy, refer and analyze the architectural expressions derived from the historical movements mentioned.
is in consequence of the foregoing that the issue RUA4 copy addresses, under the critical position of each one of the contributors, various aspects of the characteristics of architectural production in the later stages due to the historical movements to which he alluded.
Starting in Mexico armed independence movement of the early nineteenth century was the beginning of a long period of political instability, social economic and therefore generate a very austere and poor architectural production. Even the Reform Juarista period was characterized by the demolition of a large number of buildings from the Colonial period, intended it as disappearing symbols of colonial domination.
Conversely, stands the architectural production of so-called post-revolutionary period, in which the search for a clear definition that would lead to a synthesis that would allow Mexico to understand at that time, encouraged the expression of so-called Nationalist movement , which, based on the reuse of pre-Hispanic forms in the Neo Indians in the recovery of the Neocolonial Virreinales demonstrations and the use of the principles of the European vanguard of the Art Deco time, laid the foundation for different forms to see and do in Mexican architecture.
on these issues is that the content of RUA4 weaves its pages, with the sole intention of motivating the reader to reflection, from the architectural, historical conditions and consequences for which the Mexico of today has gone in the last two years. Dr. Gustavo
Bureau Roquet. Editorial Board Member
RUA
Saturday, August 7, 2010
Marcona Almonds Tapas
Japan?
Comments
Makuhari and Tokyo Midtown.
Dr. Mauricio Hernández Bonilla Arq.
all know that Japan is a country with economic dynamics of the most important the world and its urban development will match its economic and social development, and it is certainly overwhelming. Thus, Tokyo is the scene of major urban developments that show the ability of a society to create large-scale developments and modify and transform the built environment, creating new identities, images, morphologies and architectures. The urban experience in this country is extremely interesting. In general, this full of modern landscapes, great contemporary buildings and infrastructures of the highest technology and expertise.
Tokyo metropolitan area appears to be an urban space that surprises, with the largest urban agglomeration world's population - more than 42 million integrating the population of the surrounding prefectures, resulting in a huge city with a population density and land very high. Here the functions merge and overlap each other in the most complex known and the edges of the urban region of Greater Tokyo, are impossible to define because, as every major metropolitan area today, its administrative limits are exceeded for go into other provinces, the neighboring prefectures of Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba-(García Vázquez, 2004). In itself, Tokyo is comprised of a large set of urban components in the way they interrelate, systems are entangled, confused and chaotic, which therefore, are interesting to analyze.
In December 2009, students and teachers of the Faculty of Architecture, Xalapa Universidad Veracruzana (UV), we had the opportunity to visit this country in the Far East, following the UV-exchange activities of Chiba University. So we visited several cities, and also visit traditional places like temples and palaces, we also explore contemporary urban Japan. The latter turned out to be quite an educational experience from an urban perspective to appreciate and understand forms, traits, characteristics, attitudes and behaviors of the social and environmental Nipponese cities.
Japanese urban space is a relatively new, this is undoubtedly due to the transformation and reconstruction following major disasters and wars that have occurred at various times in history. Well, in some cases, some cities or most of them (the case of Hiroshima, Nagoya and Tokyo the same) have been completely re-built. All this leads to observe the increased presence of mainly urban landscape modern, postmodern and contemporary.
In this paper we discuss two sites of great interest, the new city of Makuhari, located in Chiba and prefecturia mega Tokyo Midtown, located in the Roppongi district in Tokyo. Both developments, show similarities in their approaches to urban architecture, they represent large-scale urban developments, with a mix of different uses and functions, and both belong to a postindustrial period. This makes sharing spatial characteristics that show in its urban landscape and architectural evolution to a high degree of economic dynamics and development competitiveness. Are mega-city that transform the territory, changing the city and its landscape, so that the cities best positioned at a level of much greater importance in the context of globalization. This involves acquiring a "international" and to reshape as Saskia Sassen argues, homogenized urban landscapes that function as infrastructure for their economies, and therefore share the same characteristics. Landscapes
visually similar dynamics are similar economic indicators, and there is a process of economic convergence results in the homogenization of the landscape (Sassen 2008:7)
Makuhari City
Approaching through the most modern and advanced urban transport in the world, a Japanese train, we reached the town of Makuhari. A city designed primarily for business, exchange commercial, leisure and entertainment. Makuhari is a development that includes office buildings, hotels, entertainment, sports and culture, a stadium, a large convention and exhibition center, and as a residential zone, with services and facilities for its population.
development is a diverse urban-architectural approach, where several architectural trends are mixed with modern and postmodern influences, which combines an international architecture and urban morphology shaped by their different approaches to public and private space. Its planning and construction began in the late seventies and has since been formed in what is now a district created for international trade and specialized services. Thus, over more than three decade has been consolidated as a space of global flows, and where the visitor, as the tourist, business man or woman plays an important role in the city.
we can say that in turn places and spaces that are not places, reminding Marc Augé, as are places for those people who live and / or visitors who live in space or gathered there to see friends , and no places for those who only visited the space so fast and fleeting and note that they are urban landscapes created by neoliberal economic dynamics common in the developed world, and that therefore projected cityscapes common.
The business area is a space formed by large isolated buildings surrounded by large open spaces. Here are hotels, offices and convention and exhibition centers in an international style.
On the other hand, urban space is dominated mainly by vehicular traffic and with little pedestrian activity. We could say that this is an urban space designed with the influences of modernism, as found to be large-scale open spaces for vehicular traffic high speed which is far beyond human scale, pedestrian-friendly.
architecturally interesting
It is located in the first stage of development, convention and exhibition center where he carried out major international events for trade and business. It was designed by Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki (Priztker winner in 1993) and is characterized by a sober and neutral architecture, they combine concrete and glass. This framed by its large entrance plaza, topped by an access with a steel frame in red and with a very dynamic design.
housing in the area are different approaches on the one hand, we have built the typical housing blocks, which they show a tendency to saturation and densification of space, distinctive Japanese cities, and other proposals are developed in recent years, with lower densities and show greater freedom in design. So that, with better approximations to the creation of pleasant and comfortable to the user. So by design, the new residential area in Makuhari, has been winning awards from various organizations and associations of architecture and urbanism in Japan.
Unlike the business area in residential areas have been created smaller streets, mixed-use residential buildings with shops, restaurants and services on the ground floor, also has created space for recreation for families inside the buildings, courtyards way. These areas show a more pleasant urban sense of place, in a more private and public space designs that try to make a difference. Apparently, they try to assign features "neighborhood" to the new area. If you have not fully achieved if urban space has been a much more human and less impersonal than that created for commercial and business area. This shows, that throughout the planning, design and construction of Makuhari has shifted from a large-scale city, dispersed and diffused to a city on a smaller scale and more concerned with their inhabitants. So
include one of the most recent housing developments, the one designed by Steven Hall, featuring contemporary design, more playful, outgoing volumes configured inclined, applying color and defined by the same access massive volumes of buildings. It also has space for relaxation with innovative designs that give a different touch to the predominantly urban image. Architectural forms that give rise Community spaces based interior courtyards with water features and green areas, space that seem to discover and grasp.
Tokyo Midtown
As mentioned at the beginning, Tokyo is a metropolis with a dynamic growth and development progress by leaps and bounds, always in constant transformation, construction and reconstruction. These are the magnitudes and scales it is impossible to grasp the entire city. The priority given in its role as a global city causes the Japanese capital to keep growing in height and in all directions between 1991 and 2000 were built 1.75 million new housing were built macrocomplex as Yebisu Garden Place, Ark Hills and proposed erecting 60 skyscrapers of between 40 and 50 plants in Marunochi (Garcia Vazquez, 2004:157)
Following this trend, the area of \u200b\u200bRoppongi is also the setting for the emergence of large complexes that are converted icons of space consumption, the global entertainment and Tokyo in the XXI century. In 2003 he opened Roppongi Hills behemoth, which is a development that includes office space, residential apartments, cafes, restaurants, movie theaters, a museum, a hotel, a television studio, an outdoor amphitheater and several parks. Recently, in 2007 inaugurated the National Art Center, designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa important and very complex Tokyo Midtown opens in the same year.
Tokyo Midtown is a new district which integrates regenerated commercial buildings, offices, hotels and entertainment in a new urban space like those above, seeks to project the greatness of a city, its economic power and its cosmopolitan way of living.
was established in a large area of \u200b\u200b10 hectares concentrated in 6 major buildings, which together create a new node of urban activities to Japan's capital.
work activities, leisure, entertainment and consumption result in a district with life 24 hours a day. Here the pedestrian, transit, entertain and / or ride in a space that transports you to a world of luxurious and chic, with a global international image as if you were in New York or London. Apparently this has been the tendency to recreate contemporary urban spaces in the city of Tokyo. As in the case of Midtown, was the signing New Yorker SOM (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) who runs the master plan and design of the main buildings. Of new architecture and urban spaces are made with the highest technology known and designed by leading figures from the world of international architecture. So we met with 21 Design Sight designed by Tadao Ando, \u200b\u200bthe Suntory Museum by Kengo Kuma.
On 21 Design Sight interesting comment in its volume simple, innovative, according to a trapezoidal geometry coffee houses and exhibition halls in two volumes, which are distinguished by their shapes generated by a folding architecture of triangular planes giving rise to a pure and simple architecture. The building becomes more important due to its location independent of the rest of the set in a green and wooded. Another area of \u200b\u200bgreat interest is the area of \u200b\u200baccess to office buildings, hotel and apartments, as access is made by a square covered by an imposing structure, a large and thick columns that branch like tree branches to the sky to hold the large glass roof. Again a waste of technology in architecture and engineering that project a large contemporary space.
A most interesting turn out to be public spaces surrounding the buildings in the north. These areas made up of green spaces, parks and plazas, waterfalls, wooded areas, street furniture of contemporary luxury, are proof of landscape architecture quality. The public space in Midtown makes a big contribution to the city of Tokyo, if we consider that it is a city of intensive construction, colorful buildings and functions, which leave little room for public open space. So Tokyo Midtown commits around 40% of its land for public spaces that are open to the surrounding neighborhoods as an oasis for strolling, relaxation and enjoyment. The green areas, parks and various outdoor spaces give rise to new forms of daily activity at different times of day, here are developed events, shows and other activities that attempt to create a 24-hour living city.
Something that can boast of urban spaces in the Japanese context is its excellent lighting, this usually turns out to be very innovative, transmitting sensations and environments that produce a large amount of visual stimuli to the observer. Screens and neon signs are a great constant in the urban environment, but in Tokyo Midtown producing a lighting design with an approach to the light, colors, objects and spaces with high technological dynamism is even more surprising. Here we see lights that run, move, travel at high speed, producing the atmosphere of the digital age and information on which we stand. Concluding Remarks
Makuhari and Tokyo Midtown are both urban developments that reflect the great power of social and economic system of the Japan Society. Here the user is transported through of spacious, luxurious and cosmopolitan, that make you feel that you belong to a global environment. Both sites represent
global urban spaces, where an international character types are similar to those developed in other urban settings (New York, London, Berlin). If not for the language you hear on the streets, the local population characteristics and / or symbols of the language in the ads, poodríamos say we are in Manhattan, or at Potsdamer Platz (Berlin) or the Docklands (London) ; urban developments of great similarity. This shows that the standardization of architectural forms and urban spaces is the tendency of urban XXI century. Where you create and recreate urban landscapes with identical types, for leisure and consumption, with architects of international brand and that they may be located at any latitude, no matter what particular local.
In the words of Munoz (2008) gives rise to the emergence of a new category of landscapes that are defined by their territoriality: that is, landscapes are not the direct translation of the physical, social and cultural needs of a particular territory ; landscapes therefore can be produced and cloned wherever. Bibliography
Sassen, Saskia 2008. Underlying spatial and dynamic formats. In urBANALization, Common landscapes, global locations, Francesc Muñoz (author). Gustavo Gilli. Barcelona
Garcia Vazquez, 2004. Pastry city, urban visions s. XXI. Gustavo Gilli. Barcelona.
Muñoz, Francesc, 2008. Urbanalisation, Common landscapes, global locations. Gustavo Gilli. Barcelona
Image: Dr. Mauricio Hernández Bonilla Arq 
Comments Makuhari and Tokyo Midtown.
Dr. Mauricio Hernández Bonilla Arq.
all know that Japan is a country with economic dynamics of the most important the world and its urban development will match its economic and social development, and it is certainly overwhelming. Thus, Tokyo is the scene of major urban developments that show the ability of a society to create large-scale developments and modify and transform the built environment, creating new identities, images, morphologies and architectures. The urban experience in this country is extremely interesting. In general, this full of modern landscapes, great contemporary buildings and infrastructures of the highest technology and expertise.
Tokyo metropolitan area appears to be an urban space that surprises, with the largest urban agglomeration world's population - more than 42 million integrating the population of the surrounding prefectures, resulting in a huge city with a population density and land very high. Here the functions merge and overlap each other in the most complex known and the edges of the urban region of Greater Tokyo, are impossible to define because, as every major metropolitan area today, its administrative limits are exceeded for go into other provinces, the neighboring prefectures of Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba-(García Vázquez, 2004). In itself, Tokyo is comprised of a large set of urban components in the way they interrelate, systems are entangled, confused and chaotic, which therefore, are interesting to analyze.
In December 2009, students and teachers of the Faculty of Architecture, Xalapa Universidad Veracruzana (UV), we had the opportunity to visit this country in the Far East, following the UV-exchange activities of Chiba University. So we visited several cities, and also visit traditional places like temples and palaces, we also explore contemporary urban Japan. The latter turned out to be quite an educational experience from an urban perspective to appreciate and understand forms, traits, characteristics, attitudes and behaviors of the social and environmental Nipponese cities.
Japanese urban space is a relatively new, this is undoubtedly due to the transformation and reconstruction following major disasters and wars that have occurred at various times in history. Well, in some cases, some cities or most of them (the case of Hiroshima, Nagoya and Tokyo the same) have been completely re-built. All this leads to observe the increased presence of mainly urban landscape modern, postmodern and contemporary.
In this paper we discuss two sites of great interest, the new city of Makuhari, located in Chiba and prefecturia mega Tokyo Midtown, located in the Roppongi district in Tokyo. Both developments, show similarities in their approaches to urban architecture, they represent large-scale urban developments, with a mix of different uses and functions, and both belong to a postindustrial period. This makes sharing spatial characteristics that show in its urban landscape and architectural evolution to a high degree of economic dynamics and development competitiveness. Are mega-city that transform the territory, changing the city and its landscape, so that the cities best positioned at a level of much greater importance in the context of globalization. This involves acquiring a "international" and to reshape as Saskia Sassen argues, homogenized urban landscapes that function as infrastructure for their economies, and therefore share the same characteristics. Landscapes
visually similar dynamics are similar economic indicators, and there is a process of economic convergence results in the homogenization of the landscape (Sassen 2008:7)
Makuhari City
Approaching through the most modern and advanced urban transport in the world, a Japanese train, we reached the town of Makuhari. A city designed primarily for business, exchange commercial, leisure and entertainment. Makuhari is a development that includes office buildings, hotels, entertainment, sports and culture, a stadium, a large convention and exhibition center, and as a residential zone, with services and facilities for its population.
development is a diverse urban-architectural approach, where several architectural trends are mixed with modern and postmodern influences, which combines an international architecture and urban morphology shaped by their different approaches to public and private space. Its planning and construction began in the late seventies and has since been formed in what is now a district created for international trade and specialized services. Thus, over more than three decade has been consolidated as a space of global flows, and where the visitor, as the tourist, business man or woman plays an important role in the city.
we can say that in turn places and spaces that are not places, reminding Marc Augé, as are places for those people who live and / or visitors who live in space or gathered there to see friends , and no places for those who only visited the space so fast and fleeting and note that they are urban landscapes created by neoliberal economic dynamics common in the developed world, and that therefore projected cityscapes common.
The business area is a space formed by large isolated buildings surrounded by large open spaces. Here are hotels, offices and convention and exhibition centers in an international style.
On the other hand, urban space is dominated mainly by vehicular traffic and with little pedestrian activity. We could say that this is an urban space designed with the influences of modernism, as found to be large-scale open spaces for vehicular traffic high speed which is far beyond human scale, pedestrian-friendly.
architecturally interesting
It is located in the first stage of development, convention and exhibition center where he carried out major international events for trade and business. It was designed by Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki (Priztker winner in 1993) and is characterized by a sober and neutral architecture, they combine concrete and glass. This framed by its large entrance plaza, topped by an access with a steel frame in red and with a very dynamic design.
housing in the area are different approaches on the one hand, we have built the typical housing blocks, which they show a tendency to saturation and densification of space, distinctive Japanese cities, and other proposals are developed in recent years, with lower densities and show greater freedom in design. So that, with better approximations to the creation of pleasant and comfortable to the user. So by design, the new residential area in Makuhari, has been winning awards from various organizations and associations of architecture and urbanism in Japan.
Unlike the business area in residential areas have been created smaller streets, mixed-use residential buildings with shops, restaurants and services on the ground floor, also has created space for recreation for families inside the buildings, courtyards way. These areas show a more pleasant urban sense of place, in a more private and public space designs that try to make a difference. Apparently, they try to assign features "neighborhood" to the new area. If you have not fully achieved if urban space has been a much more human and less impersonal than that created for commercial and business area. This shows, that throughout the planning, design and construction of Makuhari has shifted from a large-scale city, dispersed and diffused to a city on a smaller scale and more concerned with their inhabitants. So
include one of the most recent housing developments, the one designed by Steven Hall, featuring contemporary design, more playful, outgoing volumes configured inclined, applying color and defined by the same access massive volumes of buildings. It also has space for relaxation with innovative designs that give a different touch to the predominantly urban image. Architectural forms that give rise Community spaces based interior courtyards with water features and green areas, space that seem to discover and grasp.
Tokyo Midtown
As mentioned at the beginning, Tokyo is a metropolis with a dynamic growth and development progress by leaps and bounds, always in constant transformation, construction and reconstruction. These are the magnitudes and scales it is impossible to grasp the entire city. The priority given in its role as a global city causes the Japanese capital to keep growing in height and in all directions between 1991 and 2000 were built 1.75 million new housing were built macrocomplex as Yebisu Garden Place, Ark Hills and proposed erecting 60 skyscrapers of between 40 and 50 plants in Marunochi (Garcia Vazquez, 2004:157)
Following this trend, the area of \u200b\u200bRoppongi is also the setting for the emergence of large complexes that are converted icons of space consumption, the global entertainment and Tokyo in the XXI century. In 2003 he opened Roppongi Hills behemoth, which is a development that includes office space, residential apartments, cafes, restaurants, movie theaters, a museum, a hotel, a television studio, an outdoor amphitheater and several parks. Recently, in 2007 inaugurated the National Art Center, designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa important and very complex Tokyo Midtown opens in the same year.
Tokyo Midtown is a new district which integrates regenerated commercial buildings, offices, hotels and entertainment in a new urban space like those above, seeks to project the greatness of a city, its economic power and its cosmopolitan way of living.
was established in a large area of \u200b\u200b10 hectares concentrated in 6 major buildings, which together create a new node of urban activities to Japan's capital.
work activities, leisure, entertainment and consumption result in a district with life 24 hours a day. Here the pedestrian, transit, entertain and / or ride in a space that transports you to a world of luxurious and chic, with a global international image as if you were in New York or London. Apparently this has been the tendency to recreate contemporary urban spaces in the city of Tokyo. As in the case of Midtown, was the signing New Yorker SOM (Skidmore, Owings & Merrill) who runs the master plan and design of the main buildings. Of new architecture and urban spaces are made with the highest technology known and designed by leading figures from the world of international architecture. So we met with 21 Design Sight designed by Tadao Ando, \u200b\u200bthe Suntory Museum by Kengo Kuma.
On 21 Design Sight interesting comment in its volume simple, innovative, according to a trapezoidal geometry coffee houses and exhibition halls in two volumes, which are distinguished by their shapes generated by a folding architecture of triangular planes giving rise to a pure and simple architecture. The building becomes more important due to its location independent of the rest of the set in a green and wooded. Another area of \u200b\u200bgreat interest is the area of \u200b\u200baccess to office buildings, hotel and apartments, as access is made by a square covered by an imposing structure, a large and thick columns that branch like tree branches to the sky to hold the large glass roof. Again a waste of technology in architecture and engineering that project a large contemporary space.
A most interesting turn out to be public spaces surrounding the buildings in the north. These areas made up of green spaces, parks and plazas, waterfalls, wooded areas, street furniture of contemporary luxury, are proof of landscape architecture quality. The public space in Midtown makes a big contribution to the city of Tokyo, if we consider that it is a city of intensive construction, colorful buildings and functions, which leave little room for public open space. So Tokyo Midtown commits around 40% of its land for public spaces that are open to the surrounding neighborhoods as an oasis for strolling, relaxation and enjoyment. The green areas, parks and various outdoor spaces give rise to new forms of daily activity at different times of day, here are developed events, shows and other activities that attempt to create a 24-hour living city.
Something that can boast of urban spaces in the Japanese context is its excellent lighting, this usually turns out to be very innovative, transmitting sensations and environments that produce a large amount of visual stimuli to the observer. Screens and neon signs are a great constant in the urban environment, but in Tokyo Midtown producing a lighting design with an approach to the light, colors, objects and spaces with high technological dynamism is even more surprising. Here we see lights that run, move, travel at high speed, producing the atmosphere of the digital age and information on which we stand. Concluding Remarks
Makuhari and Tokyo Midtown are both urban developments that reflect the great power of social and economic system of the Japan Society. Here the user is transported through of spacious, luxurious and cosmopolitan, that make you feel that you belong to a global environment. Both sites represent
global urban spaces, where an international character types are similar to those developed in other urban settings (New York, London, Berlin). If not for the language you hear on the streets, the local population characteristics and / or symbols of the language in the ads, poodríamos say we are in Manhattan, or at Potsdamer Platz (Berlin) or the Docklands (London) ; urban developments of great similarity. This shows that the standardization of architectural forms and urban spaces is the tendency of urban XXI century. Where you create and recreate urban landscapes with identical types, for leisure and consumption, with architects of international brand and that they may be located at any latitude, no matter what particular local.
In the words of Munoz (2008) gives rise to the emergence of a new category of landscapes that are defined by their territoriality: that is, landscapes are not the direct translation of the physical, social and cultural needs of a particular territory ; landscapes therefore can be produced and cloned wherever. Bibliography
Sassen, Saskia 2008. Underlying spatial and dynamic formats. In urBANALization, Common landscapes, global locations, Francesc Muñoz (author). Gustavo Gilli. Barcelona
Garcia Vazquez, 2004. Pastry city, urban visions s. XXI. Gustavo Gilli. Barcelona.
Muñoz, Francesc, 2008. Urbanalisation, Common landscapes, global locations. Gustavo Gilli. Barcelona
Image: Dr. Mauricio Hernández Bonilla Arq
Saturday, July 10, 2010
What Catches A Libras Eye
Petroleum and urban development.
Humberto Torres Guevara Arch.
The formation of urban sub-system in northern Veracruz from so-called enclave extractive economic model.
The population growth and urbanization are phenomena permanent development of Mexico and Veracruz, from the second half of the twentieth century. This phenomenon has become visible divergent directions from the change of economic model seen in the 1990's, which is necessary to locate and analyze.
Population and urbanization are intrinsically related phenomena as population dynamics will manifest obligations on the territory, affecting the social, economic, political and cultural.
country's industrialization began at the end of World War II generated an unprecedented urban concentration encouraged by the offer of employment in urban centers, same brought a change in economic activities, directing them towards secondary and tertiary sectors of the productive sector.
the phenomenon is similar in Mexico and Latin America, but there are some anomalous cases due to the very specific characteristics of the regions and the activities that drive the economy. The Mexican case is deeply marked by the oil industry and its political and social.
Since the nineteenth century began extracting and refining oil in the Gulf of Mexico coast, particularly in the so-called Huasteca region, which includes significant areas of the states San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Tamaulipas and Hidalgo.
The site called "Faja de Oro" generated the establishment of extractive enclaves in south-central state of San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz, where the federal agency that provided the largest territory and therefore where were generated or were impacted the most human settlements that eventually shape the urban sub-notes now.
In Mexico, the oil expropriation was conceived largely based on the social demands of the inhabitants of these villages, who were the primordial inspiration to support a political action such magnitude. It is undeniable that the timing of many of these settlements was determined by the richness of the site and that is why many oil fields failed to establish itself as cities as well as with the mining towns of the interior.
Much of the population centers of northern Veracruz state emerged or were impacted by oil and more precisely by the model of development called "enclave", this model is the product of liberal economic theories of the nineteenth century.
Deepening the analysis of exogenous regional development patterns manifested in the 1950's with theoretical contributions of Boudeville who introduces the geographic variable to the pole theory of Perroux development, this contribution is an expanded view of the theory of cumulative causation. Berry, who defines the growth media channels while Friedmann defines and characterizes the stages of generation and geographical spread of economic dynamics.
In sum, in the initial concept of the evolving industrial enclave to an interpretation focused on spatial agglomeration, as for oil interests and respond to national and transnational strategies which manifests itself in a contempt for the regions which are located . In this model of settlement industrial territory, the company develops the necessary infrastructure for production and facilities, roads and networks.
regard to human settlement, the enclave, the housing area built for its executives, technicians and skilled workers and urban facilities to serve this population. However, in the case of oil exploration, this activity requires large amounts of unskilled labor during the construction phase.
Al enclave mass flows coming from different places, which are not assigned its geographical location at which they are located on the periphery of it, or in areas unfit for human settlements which lack services. This dynamic is triggered when this population, floating in principle, he manages to use some services on an irregular basis created for the industry such as: access roads, water and electricity.
The above situation is exacerbated if the site is successful, which makes the enclave last long. That being the case, a high percentage of people who initially came to the construction of infrastructure or to provide services, a permanent resident to be a problem for the municipal authority as this population demanding services far exceeds the capacity of City Council to satisfy generating large slum areas with a high degree of marginalization.
This phenomenon is manifested in two ways: When the industrial enclave creates a population center that gradually becomes a city and the other case when the enclave is post-settlement and reaches impacting urban reality of it. The first aspect of the phenomenon is observed on the southeastern cities of San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz: in these areas were established many villages that survived the location (site) that are generated or small rural population centers as they are, Nunez tar, fig, Furbero, Palma Alone and Potrero del Llano, all in the state of Veracruz. Also
some camps became in small towns where extractive activity still exists and are sized cities such as El Ebano SLP, Ver Temapache Alamo, Amatlán View, and Cerro Azul Ver Finally, in this category are observed camps for the richness of the site became even medium-sized cities and metropolitan areas is generated for Poza Rica de Hidalgo
View
In the second case includes the settlements that were hit to some extent with the advent of urban enclave extraction and are locations that come from the colonial era. The most studied are located in southern Veracruz and in the states of Tabasco, Chiapas and Campeche. In this area, the phenomenon is more recent oil shock, so is the case of Coatzacoalcos Veracruz, Minatitlan Veracruz, Ver Cosoleacaque, Las Choapas View in neighboring states and similar examples in which further highlights the impact urban severe impacts on social and environment aggravated by the settlement of downstream activities of oil exploration in hydrocarbon processing stage by refining and petrochemicals.
To address the analysis of a subsystem marked influence urban enclave known model and establish a methodology for this purpose, it is important from the knowledge structuring aspects of territorial, historical, partly explaining the current state of human settlements in the region.
Regarding this point, you can highlight several obvious conditions, including:
• There is a rapid deterioration of the environment in areas of intensive use of land, urban areas, coasts, valleys and watersheds.
• In the context of polarized development, highlights the widespread idea that the land is a commodity and therefore is subject to speculation, setting conditions of segregation social / economic / spatial and environmental.
• In the case of northern Veracruz state, there are strong imbalances between Veracruzana identified in the Regional Development Programme and Urban
• In areas of northern Veracruz (Huasteca high, low and Totonaca Huasteca) which a majority of the rural communities that bring together 99.13% of total locations (7.891 loc.). In contrast urban localities only come to 0.87% of total lasentamientos.
• Human settlements are ranked in medium size cities (3), intermediate cities (6), core cities (8) and service centers (46)
• Distribution population of northern Veracruz, is characterized by high concentration urban and rural dispersion hinders regional coverage in the areas of infrastructure and equipment
• This demographic reality is directly related to geomorphological conditions of the territory on which sits the population and the historical reality that caused the backwardness and isolation of regions rich in natural resources.
• This obviously creates a number of environmental, characteristic of intense human activity on a large area with significant differences observed (from sea level to 2,500 meters) and few roads. In addition, highlights the situation in urban areas of medium to accumulate 70% of the population of the three regions.
In sum, all of medium, 90% of intermediate cities and 70% of the core cities of northern Veracruz state have their origins in the oil industry or were hit in its urban structure because this activity. This determines the methodological particularities to identify the system attributes that must be analyzed to offer new fields of research. 
Humberto Torres Guevara Arch.
The formation of urban sub-system in northern Veracruz from so-called enclave extractive economic model.
The population growth and urbanization are phenomena permanent development of Mexico and Veracruz, from the second half of the twentieth century. This phenomenon has become visible divergent directions from the change of economic model seen in the 1990's, which is necessary to locate and analyze.
Population and urbanization are intrinsically related phenomena as population dynamics will manifest obligations on the territory, affecting the social, economic, political and cultural.
country's industrialization began at the end of World War II generated an unprecedented urban concentration encouraged by the offer of employment in urban centers, same brought a change in economic activities, directing them towards secondary and tertiary sectors of the productive sector.
the phenomenon is similar in Mexico and Latin America, but there are some anomalous cases due to the very specific characteristics of the regions and the activities that drive the economy. The Mexican case is deeply marked by the oil industry and its political and social.
Since the nineteenth century began extracting and refining oil in the Gulf of Mexico coast, particularly in the so-called Huasteca region, which includes significant areas of the states San Luis Potosí, Veracruz, Tamaulipas and Hidalgo.
The site called "Faja de Oro" generated the establishment of extractive enclaves in south-central state of San Luis Potosi, southern Tamaulipas and northern Veracruz, where the federal agency that provided the largest territory and therefore where were generated or were impacted the most human settlements that eventually shape the urban sub-notes now.
In Mexico, the oil expropriation was conceived largely based on the social demands of the inhabitants of these villages, who were the primordial inspiration to support a political action such magnitude. It is undeniable that the timing of many of these settlements was determined by the richness of the site and that is why many oil fields failed to establish itself as cities as well as with the mining towns of the interior.
Much of the population centers of northern Veracruz state emerged or were impacted by oil and more precisely by the model of development called "enclave", this model is the product of liberal economic theories of the nineteenth century.
Deepening the analysis of exogenous regional development patterns manifested in the 1950's with theoretical contributions of Boudeville who introduces the geographic variable to the pole theory of Perroux development, this contribution is an expanded view of the theory of cumulative causation. Berry, who defines the growth media channels while Friedmann defines and characterizes the stages of generation and geographical spread of economic dynamics.
In sum, in the initial concept of the evolving industrial enclave to an interpretation focused on spatial agglomeration, as for oil interests and respond to national and transnational strategies which manifests itself in a contempt for the regions which are located . In this model of settlement industrial territory, the company develops the necessary infrastructure for production and facilities, roads and networks.
regard to human settlement, the enclave, the housing area built for its executives, technicians and skilled workers and urban facilities to serve this population. However, in the case of oil exploration, this activity requires large amounts of unskilled labor during the construction phase.
Al enclave mass flows coming from different places, which are not assigned its geographical location at which they are located on the periphery of it, or in areas unfit for human settlements which lack services. This dynamic is triggered when this population, floating in principle, he manages to use some services on an irregular basis created for the industry such as: access roads, water and electricity.
The above situation is exacerbated if the site is successful, which makes the enclave last long. That being the case, a high percentage of people who initially came to the construction of infrastructure or to provide services, a permanent resident to be a problem for the municipal authority as this population demanding services far exceeds the capacity of City Council to satisfy generating large slum areas with a high degree of marginalization.
This phenomenon is manifested in two ways: When the industrial enclave creates a population center that gradually becomes a city and the other case when the enclave is post-settlement and reaches impacting urban reality of it. The first aspect of the phenomenon is observed on the southeastern cities of San Luis Potosi and northern Veracruz: in these areas were established many villages that survived the location (site) that are generated or small rural population centers as they are, Nunez tar, fig, Furbero, Palma Alone and Potrero del Llano, all in the state of Veracruz. Also
some camps became in small towns where extractive activity still exists and are sized cities such as El Ebano SLP, Ver Temapache Alamo, Amatlán View, and Cerro Azul Ver Finally, in this category are observed camps for the richness of the site became even medium-sized cities and metropolitan areas is generated for Poza Rica de Hidalgo
View
In the second case includes the settlements that were hit to some extent with the advent of urban enclave extraction and are locations that come from the colonial era. The most studied are located in southern Veracruz and in the states of Tabasco, Chiapas and Campeche. In this area, the phenomenon is more recent oil shock, so is the case of Coatzacoalcos Veracruz, Minatitlan Veracruz, Ver Cosoleacaque, Las Choapas View in neighboring states and similar examples in which further highlights the impact urban severe impacts on social and environment aggravated by the settlement of downstream activities of oil exploration in hydrocarbon processing stage by refining and petrochemicals.
To address the analysis of a subsystem marked influence urban enclave known model and establish a methodology for this purpose, it is important from the knowledge structuring aspects of territorial, historical, partly explaining the current state of human settlements in the region.
Regarding this point, you can highlight several obvious conditions, including:
• There is a rapid deterioration of the environment in areas of intensive use of land, urban areas, coasts, valleys and watersheds.
• In the context of polarized development, highlights the widespread idea that the land is a commodity and therefore is subject to speculation, setting conditions of segregation social / economic / spatial and environmental.
• In the case of northern Veracruz state, there are strong imbalances between Veracruzana identified in the Regional Development Programme and Urban
• In areas of northern Veracruz (Huasteca high, low and Totonaca Huasteca) which a majority of the rural communities that bring together 99.13% of total locations (7.891 loc.). In contrast urban localities only come to 0.87% of total lasentamientos.
• Human settlements are ranked in medium size cities (3), intermediate cities (6), core cities (8) and service centers (46)
• Distribution population of northern Veracruz, is characterized by high concentration urban and rural dispersion hinders regional coverage in the areas of infrastructure and equipment
• This demographic reality is directly related to geomorphological conditions of the territory on which sits the population and the historical reality that caused the backwardness and isolation of regions rich in natural resources.
• This obviously creates a number of environmental, characteristic of intense human activity on a large area with significant differences observed (from sea level to 2,500 meters) and few roads. In addition, highlights the situation in urban areas of medium to accumulate 70% of the population of the three regions.
In sum, all of medium, 90% of intermediate cities and 70% of the core cities of northern Veracruz state have their origins in the oil industry or were hit in its urban structure because this activity. This determines the methodological particularities to identify the system attributes that must be analyzed to offer new fields of research.
Friday, May 28, 2010
How To Reset Number Lock Santa Barbara Suitcase
qualitative research. Happiness
Peña Blanca Molina Olivia
sociologist, professor and researcher at the Department of Political Science at the Autonomous University of Baja California Sur.
Qualitative research is defined: as a set of interpretive practices that is not tied to a particular theory or paradigm in particular, nor is it exclusive to one or another area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, nor has their own methods, but worth of the approaches, methods and techniques from different disciplines and theoretical perspectives, including ethnomethodology, phenomenology, feminism, psychoanalysis, cultural studies, critical theory, positivism and post-positivism and other (Martínez S. Carolina, 1996:36).
It follows, that is not possible to provide a more accurate view of the contradictions that arise between different paradigms, research styles and disciplines. However, some scholars point out as the newspaper blurred gender, years in which published two books, namely The interpretation of Cultures of Clifford Geertz (1973) and Local Knowiedge the same author .
According to Carolina Martinez, the approach he does in his works this author are designed to support the need for new methods of approach, more plural and interpretative to study the human representation of culture and meaning. As new ways of approaching the current subjectivity emerged as post-structuralism, positivism, neo-Marxism, deconstruction, among others, changing ways of communicating research findings to the test of the scientific paper, "and the rules of methods.
Why it qualitative studies?.
First qualitative studies are a methodological approach in the search for the meaning of social action (cf. Weber, P. Berger, T. Luckman, Goffman), part of the ontological assumption that reality is socially constructed and therefore not independent of people.
privilege the interpretation of the subjectivity of social actors and the outcome of social interaction that exists between them.
Serves primarily the reality has meant that social actors and the way these meanings are related to their attitudes and behaviors.
from the above assumptions we can deduce that:
a) the level of reality that is known is associated with subjective factors internal to individuals;
b) the subjective dimension of individuals opens a space of freedom where the most important is his conception of phenomena or situations studies;
c) seeks the establishment of laws, we speak of contingencies;
d) the social order is understood as the result of the sum of negotiations intersubjective
e) favors compression the causal explanation of phenomena;
f) requires a micro-level studies: development knowledge inductively,
g) the concepts should be flexible to grasp the multiplicity of meanings that the phenomena may represent individuals;
h) concepts must be sensitizers, indicated by where to look;
i) the collection of information does not constitute a different stage of the analysis process
j) interview informants which may have theoretical relevance;
k) you must know the cultural and historical context to interpret the information. (Roberto Castro, 1996). 
Peña Blanca Molina Olivia
sociologist, professor and researcher at the Department of Political Science at the Autonomous University of Baja California Sur.
Qualitative research is defined: as a set of interpretive practices that is not tied to a particular theory or paradigm in particular, nor is it exclusive to one or another area of \u200b\u200bknowledge, nor has their own methods, but worth of the approaches, methods and techniques from different disciplines and theoretical perspectives, including ethnomethodology, phenomenology, feminism, psychoanalysis, cultural studies, critical theory, positivism and post-positivism and other (Martínez S. Carolina, 1996:36).
It follows, that is not possible to provide a more accurate view of the contradictions that arise between different paradigms, research styles and disciplines. However, some scholars point out as the newspaper blurred gender, years in which published two books, namely The interpretation of Cultures of Clifford Geertz (1973) and Local Knowiedge the same author .
According to Carolina Martinez, the approach he does in his works this author are designed to support the need for new methods of approach, more plural and interpretative to study the human representation of culture and meaning. As new ways of approaching the current subjectivity emerged as post-structuralism, positivism, neo-Marxism, deconstruction, among others, changing ways of communicating research findings to the test of the scientific paper, "and the rules of methods.
Why it qualitative studies?.
First qualitative studies are a methodological approach in the search for the meaning of social action (cf. Weber, P. Berger, T. Luckman, Goffman), part of the ontological assumption that reality is socially constructed and therefore not independent of people.
privilege the interpretation of the subjectivity of social actors and the outcome of social interaction that exists between them.
Serves primarily the reality has meant that social actors and the way these meanings are related to their attitudes and behaviors.
from the above assumptions we can deduce that:
a) the level of reality that is known is associated with subjective factors internal to individuals;
b) the subjective dimension of individuals opens a space of freedom where the most important is his conception of phenomena or situations studies;
c) seeks the establishment of laws, we speak of contingencies;
d) the social order is understood as the result of the sum of negotiations intersubjective
e) favors compression the causal explanation of phenomena;
f) requires a micro-level studies: development knowledge inductively,
g) the concepts should be flexible to grasp the multiplicity of meanings that the phenomena may represent individuals;
h) concepts must be sensitizers, indicated by where to look;
i) the collection of information does not constitute a different stage of the analysis process
j) interview informants which may have theoretical relevance;
k) you must know the cultural and historical context to interpret the information. (Roberto Castro, 1996).
Friday, May 7, 2010
How To Masterbate With Friut?
citizen. Presentation
About the Bicentennial of Independence, cities, citizenship and law, transcribe following:
The happiness of the people and every single citizen in the enjoyment is equality, security, property and freedom. The full conservation of these rights is the object of the institution of government and the sole purpose of political associations . Constitutional Decree
Freedom of Mexican America, culminating in Apatzingan, Mx., on October 22, 1814 Article 24
About the Bicentennial of Independence, cities, citizenship and law, transcribe following:
The happiness of the people and every single citizen in the enjoyment is equality, security, property and freedom. The full conservation of these rights is the object of the institution of government and the sole purpose of political associations . Constitutional Decree
Freedom of Mexican America, culminating in Apatzingan, Mx., on October 22, 1814 Article 24
Wednesday, May 5, 2010
What Does 6.5 C/d Shoe Size Mean
Luis Porter
To view pictures in full size, double click on them.
I convey the invitation that extends the faculty Architectural Design and Ideation a graphical presentation of the book ENTRANCE DESIGN AND UNIVERSITY YOUTH Louis Porter. Auditorium
Fauve-Xalapa.
FRIDAY, MAY 7, 11 hours. 
To view pictures in full size, double click on them.
I convey the invitation that extends the faculty Architectural Design and Ideation a graphical presentation of the book ENTRANCE DESIGN AND UNIVERSITY YOUTH Louis Porter. Auditorium
Fauve-Xalapa.
FRIDAY, MAY 7, 11 hours.
Thursday, April 29, 2010
Does Tequila Cause Headaches
book The world is urban
Article provided
by Maestro. Enrique Jimenez Oliva. Original
:
POZZI MICHAEL New York, 05/04/2010
The rise of small towns mark the decline of the rural population
The urbanizing rural areas. And most of the growth in urban areas will focus over the next few years in small towns, both in population and extension. When this year ends, 1,200 million people already living in cities of 100,000 inhabitants, equivalent to a third of the world's urban population. And there are 600 million urban centers make it up to half a million.
The biggest change will occur in Asia over the next 40 years. The transformation in Africa will not be until 2040 by declining fertility
words, almost half the world's urban population (52%) live in concentrations less than half a million inhabitants. And the United Nations that handles projection is that in the next five years will add 500 million to a total of 2,300 million. An increase equivalent to small cities will absorb 45% of the increase to be recorded in the urban population by 2015.
Hania Zlotnik, director of the Population Division of the UN, speaks of the "transformation" experienced small rural schools as if they were thrown into a race to become cities. And that, he says, is one of the factors behind the world's population "will be urban" by the end 2010, when cities make use of 3,500 million human beings who live in urban centers, ie 50.5% of global population. And in 2050 is 69%.
This growth indicates Zlotnik, is at the expense of rural areas. "When the world is urbanizing rural population continues to grow." Decline in Europe began in the fifties. Today, the continent has 199 million people in rural areas, a number that was halved in 2050. It expect also falls, though modest, in the U.S. and Canada, countries that are already highly urbanized. And also in Latin America.
But, as Zlotnik, the big news coming from Asia, especially China. The decline of the rural population will be important in the next 40 years in the region will decline from 2,400 million this year to 1,800 million. 42% of Asia's population lives in cities. In 40 years will be 65%. Still be below 85% of the West.
The transformation is impressive. In the eighties had fifty cities more than half a million inhabitants. Since then, China has urbanized with extraordinary rapidity of economic change. To the extent that it now has 134 new cities, which will add another hundred in 2025.
Africa is the exception. At the moment, because the UN anticipates that the decline in rural areas will come later, in 2040. There will be only because of urbanization, but a drop in the fertility rate. Thus it is expected that urban settlements pass current 40% to 62%. All in all, Zlotnik team projected that the world rural population will start to fall in 2020, 3,400 million to 2,900 million in 2050.
The UN confirms that the bulk of the transformation of rural to urban areas will come through smaller concentrations in the less developed countries. By 2050 Asia will be the world region that concentrate more people in cities from 1,800 million in 2010 to 3,400 million. And Africa, which ranks fourth behind Europe and Latin America, moved into second place with 1,200 million.
Despite the disparities, the trend is clear. Last year, 140 of the 230 countries or regions within the world and had more than half of its population living in urban areas. In the next four decades, anticipates Zlotnik, will be joined by 66. That is, only 24 are rural and will be in Africa, Asia and Oceania. And countries in Europe, Latin America and North America will be predominantly urban by then. Large cities
also grow. Currently there are 54 cities with more than five million people. Cities with more than 10 million people spend 21 to 29 in 2050 and live in them 10% of the urban population.
The "mega hold" will go from 33 to 46. While cities with population between one million and five million people in four decades will be 509, 120 more, and live in them 22% of the urban population.
Article provided by Maestro. Enrique Jimenez Oliva. Original
:
POZZI MICHAEL New York, 05/04/2010
The rise of small towns mark the decline of the rural population
The urbanizing rural areas. And most of the growth in urban areas will focus over the next few years in small towns, both in population and extension. When this year ends, 1,200 million people already living in cities of 100,000 inhabitants, equivalent to a third of the world's urban population. And there are 600 million urban centers make it up to half a million.
The biggest change will occur in Asia over the next 40 years. The transformation in Africa will not be until 2040 by declining fertility
words, almost half the world's urban population (52%) live in concentrations less than half a million inhabitants. And the United Nations that handles projection is that in the next five years will add 500 million to a total of 2,300 million. An increase equivalent to small cities will absorb 45% of the increase to be recorded in the urban population by 2015.
Hania Zlotnik, director of the Population Division of the UN, speaks of the "transformation" experienced small rural schools as if they were thrown into a race to become cities. And that, he says, is one of the factors behind the world's population "will be urban" by the end 2010, when cities make use of 3,500 million human beings who live in urban centers, ie 50.5% of global population. And in 2050 is 69%.
This growth indicates Zlotnik, is at the expense of rural areas. "When the world is urbanizing rural population continues to grow." Decline in Europe began in the fifties. Today, the continent has 199 million people in rural areas, a number that was halved in 2050. It expect also falls, though modest, in the U.S. and Canada, countries that are already highly urbanized. And also in Latin America.
But, as Zlotnik, the big news coming from Asia, especially China. The decline of the rural population will be important in the next 40 years in the region will decline from 2,400 million this year to 1,800 million. 42% of Asia's population lives in cities. In 40 years will be 65%. Still be below 85% of the West.
The transformation is impressive. In the eighties had fifty cities more than half a million inhabitants. Since then, China has urbanized with extraordinary rapidity of economic change. To the extent that it now has 134 new cities, which will add another hundred in 2025.
Africa is the exception. At the moment, because the UN anticipates that the decline in rural areas will come later, in 2040. There will be only because of urbanization, but a drop in the fertility rate. Thus it is expected that urban settlements pass current 40% to 62%. All in all, Zlotnik team projected that the world rural population will start to fall in 2020, 3,400 million to 2,900 million in 2050.
The UN confirms that the bulk of the transformation of rural to urban areas will come through smaller concentrations in the less developed countries. By 2050 Asia will be the world region that concentrate more people in cities from 1,800 million in 2010 to 3,400 million. And Africa, which ranks fourth behind Europe and Latin America, moved into second place with 1,200 million.
Despite the disparities, the trend is clear. Last year, 140 of the 230 countries or regions within the world and had more than half of its population living in urban areas. In the next four decades, anticipates Zlotnik, will be joined by 66. That is, only 24 are rural and will be in Africa, Asia and Oceania. And countries in Europe, Latin America and North America will be predominantly urban by then. Large cities
also grow. Currently there are 54 cities with more than five million people. Cities with more than 10 million people spend 21 to 29 in 2050 and live in them 10% of the urban population.
The "mega hold" will go from 33 to 46. While cities with population between one million and five million people in four decades will be 509, 120 more, and live in them 22% of the urban population.
Friday, April 23, 2010
Cleansers With Salicylic Acid
The future of cities in the XXI century. Invitation to write
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Carmona Gabriela Ochoa. Architect
the Autonomous University of Coahuila, Master in Architectural Design from the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León. Doctoral student in City Planning and Sustainability at the University of Guadalajara. Introduction
The urban population has increased dramatically. It is considered that since May 2008, 50% of the world's population is urban. Particularly called my attention that in Mexico there are states like Nuevo Leon, where 94% of the population lives in cities.
Technological advances and especially in the medical field, have contributed to that since 1800 the population has increased considerably. Viviescas Fernando explains, regarding the acceleration of population growth, the following:
"two thousand years ago the human population was 250 million, by 1600 the figure had already reached 500 million human beings between 1800 and 1850, thousand million, but by 1930 this figure had doubled, meaning that in thirty years and grew another billion spent only fourteen years to reach four billion human beings, 1974. "
In modern times, changes in cities are manifested very quickly, technological advances have contributed significantly" And if citizens are the creators of it, sometimes only as mere observers figured generated transformation.
Noting the city.
In our country, participation is almost nil. We are all so immersed in our own business, trying to survive, everything is going so fast, there is no time to criticize, challenge, or simply participate in each of the decisions made on our cities. Decisions made by institutions, by anonymous people, who often are out of reality, so that as people, we just try to adapt quickly to such changes.
see or hear in the media, sometimes without understanding, "that public institutions are declaring and classifying our cities, this city is now the city of knowledge, the other will be or is the main tourist city, it will be the capital of culture, to name a few adjectives. And so, by decree, they become something they were not, that the qualifications or specialist, not realizing that issues the qualification of the social, environmental, infrastructure social and physical required to comply with such a role assigned.
The common citizen only sees the appearance of new buildings-architecture-shooting, in a short time to change the city's image, notes the construction of transnational chain stores taking over vast lands and leave no choice but to live outside them, upon leaving the house or wake up every morning, meet with the magnificent view of the huge warehouses and service areas these stores because they become the protagonists of the city. Such property
appropriate the main avenues without asking permission, architecture that is approved by corporate counsel not know the location, culture, people, the city. Staff does not take into account functionality, relationship to the environment or aesthetics, as their primary concern is and will always make the brand identity.
Naomi Klein (2002) in his book No Logo tells us how the rise of neo-liberal market economies has led to changes that affect the formation of the city. It shows how trademarks have taken the contemporary landscape, introducing a dictatorship of the image, understandable from the more recent history, where the increased value of the non-material companies, ie your logo, your brand image and as corporations, the value of real assets, ie infrastructure, personnel or technology, has moved away considerably, making the intangible assets are more valuable than tangible.
The urban dweller only realize that their city is different, that is changing in size to grow and may have heard the word urban area or metropolitan, definitions that do not know what they mean, but he knows what it is to these words . Conurbation known about when the tours are getting longer, when the services are not sufficient, or if, when excluded from certain neighborhoods and can only see their roofs and guardhouse.
What will happen to the city when the metropolitan world to another and another and another world? When the huge megacities form, "will realize that belongs to them or just try to survive in them?
it be better to isolate the strategy in our small urban space in which we live? Will the future cities long stretches of isolated entities? Will you be taking into account the creation of small but livable urban centers, or do we just replace these centers of socialization and community shopping centers?. Cities
postmodernity
will be difficult in the new century cities have their own identity. The ancient cities and historical sites which generally represents who we are and who we are, will remain as museums will be happy to visit for at least live, if only for a few moments, the lifestyle of our ancestors, that past where you could walk by places where one could see slowly the aesthetics of architecture and could feel the closeness of the neighbor. Where there were no boundaries, everything went more slowly, it was essential to have a car for every family member and the time was not spent on transportation, but in coexistence, in living. In this regard, Narvaez (2001) in an analysis performed on the center of the city of Monterrey explains how the occupation has been declining housing:
"The density of housing occupation has changed markedly over time ... .. in 1990 while residing in the first frame of the city about 50 inhabitants per hectare in 1995 lived about 35 people per hectare .... "
We can also see a major technical problem in major cities and the lack of dialogue between people , planners and governments. Both Dr. Ignacio Kunz as Prof.. Lorena Zarate agree that there of this enormous emptiness, which is reflected in the city through the inequality of society. That is, the exclusion / segregation of the main actors of this reality.
In Latin American cities the poor are poorer and the rich are richer. Currently about 1 200 million people live on less than a dollar a day, that is, a sixth of the world's population lives in absolute poverty. The people fighting for different ways to organize and to combat the problems faced every day, making it through NGOs, cooperatives, urban observatories, social movements, among other agents, so achieve well-being seeking to reach a city.
The State, in turn, creates various programs to help fight poverty, but has found that in most cases, these programs emphasize the problem rather than solve it. The beneficiaries of these projects are again of the rich because they have greater access to them either for knowledge, mobility or approach to the sponsor. The institutions represented by developers and planners, have only superb solutions, completely away from reality and approaches based mainly on the commercialism of the territory, without conscience and, often, with no responsibility.
The paradox of communication alone.
The citizens try to understand how to live within this increasingly complex. Full complexity of material, concrete, asphalt, glass, steel, full of people: women, men, children, elders, full of atmosphere: trees, parks, animals, water, pollution, trash and also full of technology: cars, Subway, phones, TV or internet. Without realizing it we are in the era of communications and high technology era, we are living in an age which is reported to be fundamental, so necessary at times it is impossible to disconnect either the internet, television or mobile.
each passing day the number of cell phone users and more mobile. We note that in 2008, in states such as Baja California Sur, Mexico City or Querétaro, among others, has exceeded the number of users per 100 inhabitants, ie people sometimes have more than one active cell in your name .
In an article published on August 19, 2009 in an editorial in The Economist on mobile telephony in Mexico, states that by June 2010 will reach to 743 mobile phones per 1,000 inhabitants, and that according to information indicator of the Information Society (ISI) developed by the consultant Everis in Latin America, the total mobile phones in the region will reach the 815 computers per 1,000 people.
"This level, he adds, is 12.4% higher than in June 2008 and more than twice as many as there were in the same month of 2005. Services in Information Technology and Communications (ICT) Internet domains in Mexico grew 18% to reach seven per 1,000 population. He adds that during the last quarter in Mexico there was an expansion of the number of computers with an increase of 13.9% and even lower than that of other countries arrives to 200 units per 1,000 people. "
Virtualization.
is clear how the man has been virtualized. The virtual world is more real than we could imagine, every day there are more institutions offering bachelor's, master's and doctoral distance learning centers where the teacher is no longer necessary and has been replaced by software that interacts with the individual student through his computer. Children who are completely disconnected from the real world and can spend hours playing or competing in the other world that offer video games, television or the internet. Young or adult network immersed in leading a second life in portals to alternate worlds such as Second Life offers site (http / /: www.secondlife.com) or perhaps, companies that offer their services without personal contact.
Everything is available on the network; goods and services of all kinds can be bought or sold on this new virtual world. The man's increasingly need to interact with another human being. Even you can see how every day more people work from home, without having to travel elsewhere to do their jobs, because their services can be delivered from your laptop and in the comfort of your home.
Pierre Levy, Paul Virilio, Michel Serres, among others, relate to the fact that the virtual has permeated contemporary life to be a new space of existence that would oppose not real, but the present, creating a world power would have an undeniable influence on the material world and transform it well, as human beings were in existence at that level of reality. Paul Virilio
assumed that this is the beginning of an implosion of the real space, which would present as a loss of meaning of reality, a trivialization of the reality experience as a care get rid of things, with the waste continuing environmental environment, with buildings of a shorter growing obsolescence.
Levy supposed "Virtuality establishing a new relationship between the use of the coordinates of space and time, overcomes the spatial and configure an environment in which information and communication accessible show hitherto unknown perspectives at least in terms of volume and potential. Virtual reality allows the generation of interactive environments to separate the need to share the space-time, in this case providing new contexts of exchange and communication. "
citizen of the metropolis seeks in the virtual world that technology offers, as well as seeking to reach a city seeks to identify, support and solidarity of a community.
Zygmunt Bauman (2003) broadly describes what the word community: (...) First, the community is a "warm, cozy and comfortable place (...) inside a community, we can relax, we insurance, there is no danger ... "
virtual communities that until now are people who have interests, habits, thoughts, likes, problems, diseases, and / or passions in common, individuals they identify with a group of people from all over the world. The venue is the network, virtual space that is available at all times, where communication is open and sometimes only the limited language. Have even been cases where important relationships between people are formed or broken by information that exists in the network itself.
David Birchall and Laurence Lyoons in one of his "Creating Tomorrow's organization" (1995) described these virtual communities as a web of relationships, the imagined as a set of firms, specialized units or individuals and is coordinated by the market that occurs in the network or by membership to an organization.
mention also that the network can observe two basic components: the technological infrastructure and the social aspect. The first allows the transfer of information and the second, the way people interact and the way in it.
Conclusion
The appropriation of technology as a new model of life, urban models unconcerned about the identity, sustainability and aesthetics and the environment, have caused citizens to adopt or invent new ways life, new ways of using these sites or spaces, trying to adapt as quickly as possible to the dramatic changes in contemporary urban experience.
is true, the virtual world is a new world and easily. The areas of interaction between people are changing public spaces such as plazas, markets, cinema, which were the usual places of assembly are being replaced by private spaces which can be accessed through the internet. The dwellings are changing, filled with technology: video games, computers or television. Public spaces are changing cities, changing to this new view of life.
The architecture is standardized, the houses are made by thousands and without personality. It sets back the design for the economy and speed. Are common on most medium-sized cities, the emergence of colonies or closed residential spaces, where the privileged social class does isolated from the outside. There is no need to leave the urban area because it has everything you need about: schools, shopping centers, services, labor, golf clubs, sports and recreation, and fails to distinguish the geographical and temporal context that seeks to perform this work, the emergence of an increasingly stressed polarization of the population of large cities.
What effect will the extension of these new technologies and practices in future developments? What in the individual and society?
Images: 1.2 and 3, free circulation on the Internet. From 4 onwards authoring students of the Faculty of Architecture Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana.
Bibliography. Bauman, Zygmunt (2003) Work, consumerism and the new poor. Gedisa, Barcelona.
Bauman, Zygmunt, (2003). Community. In search of security in a hostile world. Madrid. Siglo XXI Ed.
BECK, Ulrich, et alt. (1999) A brave new world. Cambridge, Polity Press.
BIRCHALL, David and Lawrence Lyons, (1995). Creating Tomorrow's Organization, London, Pitman Publishing.
Cassirer, Ernst (1951). The Science of Culture. Mexico, FCE.
HALL, Peter (1998). Cities in Civilization, New York.
KLEIN, Naomi (2002) No logo. Cambridge, Polity Press. KUNZ
Ignacio. Conference "New Paradigms of Urban Planning" / Faculty of Architecture / UNAM. Given at the International Week of Urbanism and Environment. Sium. Center of Arts, Architecture and Design. University of Guadalajara. Sep, 2009.
LÉVY, Pierre, (1995). What is virtual? Barcelona. Paidós Ed.
NARVAEZ, Adolfo B. (2001). "The Constitution in Monterrey Condominiums History of Two Cities "in" House of America "architecture and sustainable development." Ed University of Camagüey, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. Monterrey, NL Mexico.
RIFKIN, Jeremy (1994) The End of Work. New technologies to jobs: the birth of a new era. Foreword by Heilbroner, Robert. Mexico, Polity Press.
SASSEN, Saskia (1991). The Global City, New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton, Princeton University Press. VIVIEZCAS
Fernando. Popular Housing Specialist, Institute for Housing Studies, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Conference "The contemporary metropolis scenario" given Guadalajara, Jal. University of Guadalajara. Sep. 2009.
ZARATE, Lorena. Conference "Social Management of Land and Housing Regional Office Coordinator for the Coalition of Habitat for Latin America. Given at the International Week of Urbanism and Environment. Sium. Center of Arts, Architecture and Design. University of Guadalajara. Sep, 2009. 
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Carmona Gabriela Ochoa. Architect
the Autonomous University of Coahuila, Master in Architectural Design from the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León. Doctoral student in City Planning and Sustainability at the University of Guadalajara. Introduction
The urban population has increased dramatically. It is considered that since May 2008, 50% of the world's population is urban. Particularly called my attention that in Mexico there are states like Nuevo Leon, where 94% of the population lives in cities.
Technological advances and especially in the medical field, have contributed to that since 1800 the population has increased considerably. Viviescas Fernando explains, regarding the acceleration of population growth, the following:
"two thousand years ago the human population was 250 million, by 1600 the figure had already reached 500 million human beings between 1800 and 1850, thousand million, but by 1930 this figure had doubled, meaning that in thirty years and grew another billion spent only fourteen years to reach four billion human beings, 1974. "
In modern times, changes in cities are manifested very quickly, technological advances have contributed significantly" And if citizens are the creators of it, sometimes only as mere observers figured generated transformation.
Noting the city.
In our country, participation is almost nil. We are all so immersed in our own business, trying to survive, everything is going so fast, there is no time to criticize, challenge, or simply participate in each of the decisions made on our cities. Decisions made by institutions, by anonymous people, who often are out of reality, so that as people, we just try to adapt quickly to such changes.
see or hear in the media, sometimes without understanding, "that public institutions are declaring and classifying our cities, this city is now the city of knowledge, the other will be or is the main tourist city, it will be the capital of culture, to name a few adjectives. And so, by decree, they become something they were not, that the qualifications or specialist, not realizing that issues the qualification of the social, environmental, infrastructure social and physical required to comply with such a role assigned.
The common citizen only sees the appearance of new buildings-architecture-shooting, in a short time to change the city's image, notes the construction of transnational chain stores taking over vast lands and leave no choice but to live outside them, upon leaving the house or wake up every morning, meet with the magnificent view of the huge warehouses and service areas these stores because they become the protagonists of the city. Such property
appropriate the main avenues without asking permission, architecture that is approved by corporate counsel not know the location, culture, people, the city. Staff does not take into account functionality, relationship to the environment or aesthetics, as their primary concern is and will always make the brand identity.
Naomi Klein (2002) in his book No Logo tells us how the rise of neo-liberal market economies has led to changes that affect the formation of the city. It shows how trademarks have taken the contemporary landscape, introducing a dictatorship of the image, understandable from the more recent history, where the increased value of the non-material companies, ie your logo, your brand image and as corporations, the value of real assets, ie infrastructure, personnel or technology, has moved away considerably, making the intangible assets are more valuable than tangible.
The urban dweller only realize that their city is different, that is changing in size to grow and may have heard the word urban area or metropolitan, definitions that do not know what they mean, but he knows what it is to these words . Conurbation known about when the tours are getting longer, when the services are not sufficient, or if, when excluded from certain neighborhoods and can only see their roofs and guardhouse.
What will happen to the city when the metropolitan world to another and another and another world? When the huge megacities form, "will realize that belongs to them or just try to survive in them?
it be better to isolate the strategy in our small urban space in which we live? Will the future cities long stretches of isolated entities? Will you be taking into account the creation of small but livable urban centers, or do we just replace these centers of socialization and community shopping centers?. Cities
postmodernity
will be difficult in the new century cities have their own identity. The ancient cities and historical sites which generally represents who we are and who we are, will remain as museums will be happy to visit for at least live, if only for a few moments, the lifestyle of our ancestors, that past where you could walk by places where one could see slowly the aesthetics of architecture and could feel the closeness of the neighbor. Where there were no boundaries, everything went more slowly, it was essential to have a car for every family member and the time was not spent on transportation, but in coexistence, in living. In this regard, Narvaez (2001) in an analysis performed on the center of the city of Monterrey explains how the occupation has been declining housing:
"The density of housing occupation has changed markedly over time ... .. in 1990 while residing in the first frame of the city about 50 inhabitants per hectare in 1995 lived about 35 people per hectare .... "
We can also see a major technical problem in major cities and the lack of dialogue between people , planners and governments. Both Dr. Ignacio Kunz as Prof.. Lorena Zarate agree that there of this enormous emptiness, which is reflected in the city through the inequality of society. That is, the exclusion / segregation of the main actors of this reality.
In Latin American cities the poor are poorer and the rich are richer. Currently about 1 200 million people live on less than a dollar a day, that is, a sixth of the world's population lives in absolute poverty. The people fighting for different ways to organize and to combat the problems faced every day, making it through NGOs, cooperatives, urban observatories, social movements, among other agents, so achieve well-being seeking to reach a city.
The State, in turn, creates various programs to help fight poverty, but has found that in most cases, these programs emphasize the problem rather than solve it. The beneficiaries of these projects are again of the rich because they have greater access to them either for knowledge, mobility or approach to the sponsor. The institutions represented by developers and planners, have only superb solutions, completely away from reality and approaches based mainly on the commercialism of the territory, without conscience and, often, with no responsibility.
The paradox of communication alone.
The citizens try to understand how to live within this increasingly complex. Full complexity of material, concrete, asphalt, glass, steel, full of people: women, men, children, elders, full of atmosphere: trees, parks, animals, water, pollution, trash and also full of technology: cars, Subway, phones, TV or internet. Without realizing it we are in the era of communications and high technology era, we are living in an age which is reported to be fundamental, so necessary at times it is impossible to disconnect either the internet, television or mobile.
each passing day the number of cell phone users and more mobile. We note that in 2008, in states such as Baja California Sur, Mexico City or Querétaro, among others, has exceeded the number of users per 100 inhabitants, ie people sometimes have more than one active cell in your name .
In an article published on August 19, 2009 in an editorial in The Economist on mobile telephony in Mexico, states that by June 2010 will reach to 743 mobile phones per 1,000 inhabitants, and that according to information indicator of the Information Society (ISI) developed by the consultant Everis in Latin America, the total mobile phones in the region will reach the 815 computers per 1,000 people.
"This level, he adds, is 12.4% higher than in June 2008 and more than twice as many as there were in the same month of 2005. Services in Information Technology and Communications (ICT) Internet domains in Mexico grew 18% to reach seven per 1,000 population. He adds that during the last quarter in Mexico there was an expansion of the number of computers with an increase of 13.9% and even lower than that of other countries arrives to 200 units per 1,000 people. "
Virtualization.
is clear how the man has been virtualized. The virtual world is more real than we could imagine, every day there are more institutions offering bachelor's, master's and doctoral distance learning centers where the teacher is no longer necessary and has been replaced by software that interacts with the individual student through his computer. Children who are completely disconnected from the real world and can spend hours playing or competing in the other world that offer video games, television or the internet. Young or adult network immersed in leading a second life in portals to alternate worlds such as Second Life offers site (http / /: www.secondlife.com) or perhaps, companies that offer their services without personal contact.
Everything is available on the network; goods and services of all kinds can be bought or sold on this new virtual world. The man's increasingly need to interact with another human being. Even you can see how every day more people work from home, without having to travel elsewhere to do their jobs, because their services can be delivered from your laptop and in the comfort of your home.
Pierre Levy, Paul Virilio, Michel Serres, among others, relate to the fact that the virtual has permeated contemporary life to be a new space of existence that would oppose not real, but the present, creating a world power would have an undeniable influence on the material world and transform it well, as human beings were in existence at that level of reality. Paul Virilio
assumed that this is the beginning of an implosion of the real space, which would present as a loss of meaning of reality, a trivialization of the reality experience as a care get rid of things, with the waste continuing environmental environment, with buildings of a shorter growing obsolescence.
Levy supposed "Virtuality establishing a new relationship between the use of the coordinates of space and time, overcomes the spatial and configure an environment in which information and communication accessible show hitherto unknown perspectives at least in terms of volume and potential. Virtual reality allows the generation of interactive environments to separate the need to share the space-time, in this case providing new contexts of exchange and communication. "
citizen of the metropolis seeks in the virtual world that technology offers, as well as seeking to reach a city seeks to identify, support and solidarity of a community.
Zygmunt Bauman (2003) broadly describes what the word community: (...) First, the community is a "warm, cozy and comfortable place (...) inside a community, we can relax, we insurance, there is no danger ... "
virtual communities that until now are people who have interests, habits, thoughts, likes, problems, diseases, and / or passions in common, individuals they identify with a group of people from all over the world. The venue is the network, virtual space that is available at all times, where communication is open and sometimes only the limited language. Have even been cases where important relationships between people are formed or broken by information that exists in the network itself.
David Birchall and Laurence Lyoons in one of his "Creating Tomorrow's organization" (1995) described these virtual communities as a web of relationships, the imagined as a set of firms, specialized units or individuals and is coordinated by the market that occurs in the network or by membership to an organization.
mention also that the network can observe two basic components: the technological infrastructure and the social aspect. The first allows the transfer of information and the second, the way people interact and the way in it.
Conclusion
The appropriation of technology as a new model of life, urban models unconcerned about the identity, sustainability and aesthetics and the environment, have caused citizens to adopt or invent new ways life, new ways of using these sites or spaces, trying to adapt as quickly as possible to the dramatic changes in contemporary urban experience.
is true, the virtual world is a new world and easily. The areas of interaction between people are changing public spaces such as plazas, markets, cinema, which were the usual places of assembly are being replaced by private spaces which can be accessed through the internet. The dwellings are changing, filled with technology: video games, computers or television. Public spaces are changing cities, changing to this new view of life.
The architecture is standardized, the houses are made by thousands and without personality. It sets back the design for the economy and speed. Are common on most medium-sized cities, the emergence of colonies or closed residential spaces, where the privileged social class does isolated from the outside. There is no need to leave the urban area because it has everything you need about: schools, shopping centers, services, labor, golf clubs, sports and recreation, and fails to distinguish the geographical and temporal context that seeks to perform this work, the emergence of an increasingly stressed polarization of the population of large cities.
What effect will the extension of these new technologies and practices in future developments? What in the individual and society?
Images: 1.2 and 3, free circulation on the Internet. From 4 onwards authoring students of the Faculty of Architecture Xalapa, Universidad Veracruzana.
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